Cited by 3,085Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychology of Social InfluenceCardiac Arrest and Resuscitation

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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.

Darley, John M., Latane, Bibb·1968·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by apathy, alienation, and anomie. This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.

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“Based on bystander theory (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1970; Latané & Nida, 1981), we also expected participants in smaller groups to be more willing to intervene.”
Background
Applying Mass Communication Theory to Bystander Intervention in Bullying
Nickerson, A. B., Feeley, T. H., & Tsay‐Vogel, M. (2016) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-016-0030-3 · Cited by 12
“…were asked to wait (either alone or with others) in a room that begins to fill with smoke, 75 % of participants who waited alone reported the smoke in contrast to only 10 % of participants who reported the event when they waited with two inactive confederate bystanders (Darley and Latané 1968).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Autonomous disengagement classification and repair in multiparty child-robot interaction
Leite, I., McCoy, M., Lohani, M., Salomons, N., McElvaine, K. K., Stokes, C. K., Rivers, S. E., & Scassellati, B. M. (2016) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2016.7745168 · Cited by 12
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Should I call for help?: Examining the influences of situational factors and bystander characteristics on reporting likelihood
Aiello, M. (2018) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2018.1428195 · Cited by 12
“…crime types (Harari et al., 1985), most bystander intervention field or laboratory experiments involve noncriminal events such as a confederate having a seizure (Darley & Latané, 1968), a maintenance accident (Cramer et al., 1988) or verbal aggression between confederates (Levine & Crowther, 2008).”
Background
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Li, Y., & Zhao, M. (2019) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12358 · Cited by 12
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“The bystander effect, which was identified as a significant barrier to response [17,21,52] among the full sample, including adults with food allergy and patients with venom allergy, did not impact the willingness to respond among parents of minor patients with food allergy.”
Endogenous group formation and responsibility diffusion: An experimental study
Brütt, K., Schram, A. J. H. C., & Sonnemans, J. (2020) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2020.02.003 · Cited by 17
Longer Term Impact of Bystander Training to Reduce Violence Acceptance and Sexism
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“Darley and Latané (1968) provided a framework for the later development of bystander intervention training with their identification of five non-linear stages that individuals move through, toward taking action in potentially violent or problematic situations.”
Background
Motivation of emergency medical services volunteers: a study of organized Good Samaritans
Khalemsky, M., Schwartz, D. G., Herbst, R., & Jaffe, E. (2020) · Israel Journal of Health Policy Research · doi:10.1186/s13584-020-00370-9 · Cited by 13
Whose Children? Protecting Unaccompanied Migrant Children in Europe: A Case of Diffused Responsibility?
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“One of the factors that Darley and Latane (1968) have explored is the effect of the number of other bystanders on intervention: the number of bystanders has an effect on the likelihood of intervention.”
BackgroundInfluential
Congruence Between the Target in Need and the Recipient of Aid: The One‐Among‐Others Effect
Oceja, L. V., Stocks, E. L., & Lishner, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00682.x · Cited by 13
Anticipating the consequences of social behavior
Guérin, B. (1991) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02686772 · Cited by 12
To Help or Not to Help? Personal Value for Diversity Moderates the Relationship Between Discrimination Against Minorities and Citizenship Behavior Toward Minorities
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Authors: Darley, J. M., & Latane, B.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1968
Volume: 8
Issue: 4, Pt.1
Pages: 377-383
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/h0025589
OpenAlex: W2171602877
Semantic Scholar: a17d8ee9f157ebeb2f520406c1d79346ceb532c8
Cited by: 3,083
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 158 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 99
FWCI: 113.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Keywords: bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, personal responsibility, group size, gender differences, apathy, anomie, alienation
MeSH terms: Character, Conflict, Psychological, Decision Making, Emergencies, Female, Group Processes, Group Structure, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Psychology, Social, Reaction Time, Sex Factors

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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.

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