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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Abstract
Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by apathy, alienation, and anomie. This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.
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“Darley and Latan e (1968) showed that people in larger groups feel less responsible and less personally addressed, which creates a bystander effect.”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e (1968)
In the citing paper
“Despite macroinfluencers' sponsored posts being exposed to a larger number of users (De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders 2017), people in larger groups feel less responsible and addressed and then stand by rather than act (Darley and Latan e 1968).”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e 1968
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“This is interesting considering the fact that Bystander Interventions were the descendent of the Bystander Effect, or Bystander Apathy (Darley & Latane, 1968), which found that individuals do not offer help to a victim when other people are present.”
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“…(p. 332) 1985; Cutrona & Russell, 1990), the antecedents of prosocial behavior, including variables such as mood (Isen, 1970; Isen & Levin, 1972), the influence of the presence of bystanders (Darley & Latane, 1968), the Page 6 of 32 PRINTED FROM OXFORD HANDBOOKS ONLINE (www.oxfordhandbooks.com).”
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“The bystander literature asserts that responsibility for helping others also seems to become dispersed across the crowd. The more people there are in the crowd, the less any individual feels compelled to help. Numerous experiments have been conducted in laboratory and naturalistic settings to show that the presence of…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffects of Individual Responsibility and Group Communication on Help-giving in an Emergency
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“(English translation) On the other hand, even when co-worker voice is pro-environmental, it could still mitigate green initiative-taking due to a phenomenon Darley and latané (1968) describe as the bystander effect.”
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“…they were alone got up to intervene before the recording ended, 62% of people who believed another person was nearby got up to intervene before the recording ended, and 31% of people who believed five others were nearby got up to intervene before the recording ended (Darley and Latane 1968).”
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“Finally, the third process refers to the concepts of social influence (Darley & Latané, 1968; Darley et al., 1973) and pluralistic ignorance (Prentice & Miller, 1996), which recognizes that when an apparent helping situation is ambiguous, people look to others to interpret it.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEijck, V., & Verbrugge, R. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.5117/9789089641236 · Cited by 16
“ever heard of! This effect has been empirically studied in the late sixties [55]: solitary people usually intervene in case of an emergency, whereas a large group of bystanders may fail to intervene - everyone thinks that someone else is bound to have called the emergency hotline already, or that someone else is bound…”
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Cost asymmetry and incomplete information in a volunteer’s dilemma experiment
Healy, A., & Pate, J. (2018) · Social Choice and Welfare · doi:10.1007/s00355-018-1124-6 · Cited by 15
Muise, J., Oliver, E., Newell, P., et al. (2018) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896918796030 · Cited by 15
“The Bystander Effect is a well-documented phenomenon whereby the more people present when an emergency happens, on the whole, the less likely an individual is to act (Darley and Latané, 1968).”
BackgroundAn observational study of self-monitoring in ad hoc health care teams
Hautz, S. C., Oberholzer, D. L., Freytag, J., et al. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02115-3 · Cited by 15
An exploratory analysis of leakage warning behavior in lone-actor terrorists
Rose, M. M., & Morrison, J. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression · doi:10.1080/19434472.2021.1900325 · Cited by 15
“…been examined in social psychology, and refers to the idea that ‘ … an individual’s likelihood of helping decreases when passive bystanders are also present in a critical situation’ (taken from Fischer et al., 2011, p. 517; Darley & Latane, 1968; Latane & Darley, 1968; 1970; Latané & Nida, 1981).”
BackgroundBowman, N. D. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190072216.013.34 · Cited by 15
On the Social Dimensions of Moral Psychology
Greenwood, J. D. (2011) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.2011.00472.x · Cited by 15
Moral hypocrisy in economic games—how prosocial behavior is shaped by social expectations
Caviola, L., & Faber, N. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00897 · Cited by 15
“Furthermore, people’s prosocial behavior might be influenced by an even subtler form of pressure than by other people’s expectations, namely by their own expectations.”
BackgroundComparative Analysis of Jones’ and Kelley’s Ethical Decision-Making Models
Yu, Y. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2245-1 · Cited by 15
Binning, K. R., & Sherman, D. K. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023153 · Cited by 15
Vilar, M. M., Trejos-Gil, C. A., & Arias, J. D. B. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020284 · Cited by 15
“This research showed that the more people witness and observe an emergency situation, the less likely one of them is to perform a helping behavior [74] (Darley and Latané, 1968).”
BackgroundHarada, J. (1985) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.27.177 · Cited by 15
Leader effectiveness and leadership conferral as determinants of helping in a medical emergency.
Firestone, I. J., Lichtman, C. M., & Colamosca, J. V. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076281 · Cited by 15
Explanations of mixed-sex partnered homicide: A review of sociological and psychological theory
Gurian, E. A. (2013) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.007 · Cited by 15
Effects of Blind Pedestrians on Motorists
Harrell, W. A. (1994) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1994.9712203 · Cited by 15
The attribution of arousal and emergency helping: A bidirectional process
Sterling, B. S., & Gaertner, S. L. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(84)90045-3 · Cited by 15
Using Scholarly Journals in Undergraduate Experimental Methodology Courses
Suter, W. N., & Frank, P. (1986) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15328023top1304_14 · Cited by 15
Deindividuation Manipulations, Self-Consciousness, and Bystander Intervention
Becker-Haven, J. F., & Lindskold, S. (1978) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1978.9924097 · Cited by 15
Altruism and the Development of Internal Control: An Integrative Model.
Peterson, L. (1982) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Darley, J. M., & Latane, B.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4, Pt.1
- Pages
- 377-383
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2171602877
- Semantic Scholar
- a17d8ee9f157ebeb2f520406c1d79346ceb532c8
- Cited by
- 3,083
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 158 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 113.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Keywords
- bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, personal responsibility, group size, gender differences, apathy, anomie, alienation
- MeSH terms
- Character, Conflict, Psychological, Decision Making, Emergencies, Female, Group Processes, Group Structure, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Psychology, Social, Reaction Time, Sex Factors
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