The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Open accessAbstract
Cronbach, L. J.; Meehl, Paul E.. (1956). Construct validity in psychological tests. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/184279.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The second issue is the validity of ToM evaluations: ToM evaluations may fail to measure the underlying psychological construct that they are designed to measure [53,54].”
From Re-evaluating Theory of Mind evaluation in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is fundamentally a construct-validity problem: neighboring measures should support distinct interpretations within a nomological network rather than be treated as interchangeable indicators (Cronbach and Meehl, 1955; Messick, 1995).”
From Beyond checking: verification quality, reliance calibration, and learning in generative AI-assisted higher education (2026) · cites this paper as Cronbach and Meehl, 1955
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“To ensure sound methodology, we followed best practice guidelines for the scale development (see e.g., Boateng et al., 2018;Cronbach & Meehl, 1955) which typically include steps of item generation, scale construction, and scale evaluation.”
From Development and Validation of a Basic Psychological Needs Scale for Technology Use (2024) · cites this paper as Cronbach & Meehl, 1955
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This work contributes to the building of a nomological net (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) for a more nuanced conceptualization of religious belief and belonging by attending to meaning-making and its developmental progression within context-specific applications.”
From A Reframing of Meaning-Making and Its Measurement Among Emerging Adults (2025) · cites this paper as Cronbach and Meehl 1955
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Self-citationEssentials of Psychological Testing
Rosner, B., & Cronbach, L. J. (1960) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419921 · Cited by 4,524
Self-citationHandbook of Experimental Psychology
(1952) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1952.02930050088038 · Cited by 2,276
Processes affecting scores on "understanding of others" and "assumed similarity."
Cronbach, L. J. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0044919 · Cited by 1,390
Self-citationAntecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores.
Meehl, P. E., & ROSEN, A. P. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0048070 · Cited by 1,227
Self-citationOn a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables.
Maccorquodale, K., & Meehl, P. (1948) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/h0056029 · Cited by 1,035
Self-citationFundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science
Hempel, C. G. (1952) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 871
Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology
Carnap, R. (2011) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400838684-018 · Cited by 816
Further Evidence on Response Sets and Test Design
Cronbach, L. J. (1950) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316445001000101 · Cited by 748
Self-citationFoundations of Logic and Mathematics.
N., E., & Carnap, R. (1939) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2017421 · Cited by 445
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- [6]6. Braithwaite, R. B. Scientific Explamtion. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1953.
- [9]9. Child, I. L. "Personality," Annual Review of Psychology, 5: 149-71 ( 1954).
- [16]16. Cureton, E. E. "Validity," in E. F. Lindquist (ed.). Educational Measurement, pp. 62 1-95. Washington, D . C. : Amer. Council on Education, 1950.
- [20]20. F'eigl, H. "Confim1ability and Confim1ation," Revue Internationale de Philoso- phic, 5: 1-12 (1<)51). Reprinted in P. P. Wiener (ed.), Readings in Pbilosopliy of Science, pp. 522-30. New York: Scribner's, 1953.
- [38]38. Kneale, W. Probabilit)' and Induction. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949. Pages 92-l IO reprinted as " Induction, Explanation, and Transcendent Hypotheses," in H. Feig! and M. Brodbeck (eds.), Readings in t11e Pliilosopl1y of Science, pp. 353-67. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1953.
- [41]41. MacCorquodale, K., and P. E. Meelil. "On a Distinction Detween Ilypotl1etical Constrncts and Intervening Variables," Psychological Review, 5 5: 95-107 ( 1948).
- [43]43. McKinley, J. C., and S. R. Hathaway. "The MMPI : V. Hysteria, H ypomania, and Psychopathic Deviate," Journal of Applied Psychology, 28:153-71 (19H).
- [53]53. Peak, Helen. "Problems of Objective Observation," in L . Festinger :md D. Katz (eels.), Researcl1 M ethods in the Bel1avioral Sciences, pp. 243-300. New York: Dryclc11, 1953.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,094
Judge, T. A., & Hurst, C. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.849 · Cited by 272
PERSPECTIVE—The Myth of Firm Performance
Miller, C. C., Washburn, N. T., & Glick, W. H. (2012) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1120.0762 · Cited by 268
Joiner, T. E. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.2.287 · Cited by 209
Innovative Consumers and Market Mavens
Goldsmith, R. E., Flynn, L. R., & Goldsmith, E. B. (2003) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2003.11658508 · Cited by 208
Bartels, A. L., Peterson, S. J., & Reina, C. S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215957 · Cited by 286
Measurement of Academic Self-Concept in College Students
Reynolds, W. M. (1988) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5202_4 · Cited by 208
PREVIOUS WORK EXPERIENCE AND ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION: A LONGITUDINAL EXAMINATION.
Adkins, C. L. (1995) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256748 · Cited by 208
Hypotheses and habits in verbal "operant conditioning.'
Dulany, D. E. (1961) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047703 · Cited by 208
Issues in managerial performance: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of ratings.
Kavanagh, M. J., MacKinney, A. C., & Wolins, L. (1971) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0030412 · Cited by 208
Individual differences science for treatment planning: Personality traits.
Harkness, A. R., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.349 · Cited by 230
Spatial ability: A neglected dimension in talent searches for intellectually precocious youth.
Webb, R. M., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2007) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.397 · Cited by 215
Meanings, Mechanisms, and Measures of Holistic Processing
Richler, J. J., Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, L. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00553 · Cited by 206
A review of operations management studies using scale development techniques
Hensley, R. L. (1999) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/s0272-6963(98)00051-5 · Cited by 206
Ruscio, J., Ruscio, A. M., & Mati Meron, E. (2007) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170701360795 · Cited by 206
Co-created value: Multidimensional scale and nomological network
Busser, J. A., & Shulga, L. V. (2017) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.014 · Cited by 227
Skala samooceny SES Morrisa Rosenberga – polska adaptacja metody
Dzwonkowska, I., Lachowicz‐Tabaczek, K., & Łaguna, M. (2007) · Social Psychological Bulletin · Cited by 206
The validity of measures of self-reported well-being
Andrews, F. M., & Crandall, R. (1976) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00286161 · Cited by 206
The problem of validity in field studies of psychological disorder.
Dohrewend, B. P., & Dohrewend, B. S. (1965) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0021680 · Cited by 206
A Review of Developmental Networks
Riza, S. D., Chandler, D. E., Murphy, W. M., & Kram, K. E. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206311415858 · Cited by 218
The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing: a comment
Diamantopoulos, A. (2005) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.08.002 · Cited by 205
How do we go about investigating test fairness?
Xi, X. (2010) · Language Testing · doi:10.1177/0265532209349465 · Cited by 205
Malhotra, Y., Galletta, D. F., & Kirsch, L. J. (2008) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222250110 · Cited by 206
Accounting for measurement error: A critical but often overlooked process
Harris, E. F., & Smith, R. N. (2008) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.04.010 · Cited by 203
Alternative Measures of American National Identity: Implications for the Civic‐Ethnic Distinction
Wright, M., Citrin, J., & Wand, J. N. (2012) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00885.x · Cited by 204
Instrumentality theories: Current uses in psychology.
Mitchell, T. R., & Biglan, A. (1971) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0031831 · Cited by 204
Smith, G. T., McCarthy, D. M., & Zapolski, T. C. B. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016699 · Cited by 208
A Constructionist Review of Morality and Emotions
Cameron, C. D., Lindquist, K. A., & Gray, K. J. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314566683 · Cited by 220
Validating the Construct of Theoretical Orientation in Reading Instruction
DeFord, D. E. (1985) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/748023 · Cited by 203
Amsterdam—Nijmegen everyday language test: construction, reliability and validity
Blomert, L., Kean, M.-L., Koster, C., & Schokker, J. (1994) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687039408248666 · Cited by 202
Classical and Modern Methods of Psychological Scale Construction
Simms, L. J. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00044.x · Cited by 206
Construct Validation in Organizational Behavior Research: The Case of Organizational Commitment
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4397-8_13 · Cited by 202
Gawke, J. C. L., Gorgievski, M. J., & Bakker, A. B. (2019) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2019.03.001 · Cited by 216
Gottesman, I. I., McGuffin, P., & FARMER, A. E. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.1.23 · Cited by 202
Assessing tobacco dependence: a guide to measure evaluation and selection
Piper, M., McCarthy, D., & Baker, T. (2006) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200600672765 · Cited by 201
Prieto, G., & Delgado, A. R. (2010) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 201
Pattern Matching, Validity, and Conceptualization in Program Evaluation
Trochim, W. M. K. (1985) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x8500900503 · Cited by 202
Development and Validation of the Cognitive Style Indicator
Cools, E., & Broeck, H. V. D. (2007) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.3200/jrlp.141.4.359-388 · Cited by 215
Sleeping and waking states in infants: A functional perspective
Thoman, E. B. (1990) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80165-4 · Cited by 200
Clinical indicators of dehydration severity in elderly patients
Gross, C. R., Lindquist, R. D., Woolley, A. C., Granieri, R., Allard, K., & Webster, B. (1992) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/0736-4679(92)90331-m · Cited by 200
Message fatigue: Conceptual definition, operationalization, and correlates
So, J., Kim, S., & Cohen, H. (2016) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2016.1250429 · Cited by 219
Hidden Invalidity Among 15 Commonly Used Measures in Social and Personality Psychology
Hussey, I., & Hughes, S. (2020) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245919882903 · Cited by 199
Defining quality of nursing work life.
Brooks, B. A., & Anderson, M. A. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 197
Self-Efficacy Theory as a Basis for Career Assessment
Betz, N. E. (2000) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/106907270000800301 · Cited by 200
Mark Twain meets DSM-III-R: Conduct disorder, development, and the concept of harmful dysfunction
Richers, J. E., & Cicchetti, D. (1993) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004235 · Cited by 201
Cross-cultural investigation of the validity of Erikson's theory of personality development.
Ochse, R., & Plug, C. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1240 · Cited by 198
Vianen, A. E. M. V., Klehe, U., Koen, J., & Dries, N. (2012) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.002 · Cited by 198
Spirituality and Subjective Well-Being: Evidences for a New Domain in the Personal Well-Being Index
Herrera, E. W. (2007) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9061-6 · Cited by 198
Evaluating Evidence of Psychological Adaptation: How Do We Know One When We See One?
Schmitt, D. P., & Pilcher, J. J. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00734.x · Cited by 198
Learning during the new financial service innovation process
Blažević, V., & Lievens, A. (2002) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(02)00272-2 · Cited by 202
Psychology's Replication Crisis and Clinical Psychological Science
Tackett, J. L., Brandes, C. M., King, K. M., & Markon, K. E. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095710 · Cited by 221
Language Testing and Assessment: An Advanced Resource Book
Shibliyev, J., & Gilanlıoğlu, İ. (2008) · ELT Journal · doi:10.1093/elt/ccp010 · Cited by 198
Chang, L., Connelly, B. S., & Geeza, A. A. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025559 · Cited by 217
Coupled cognitive changes in adulthood: A meta-analysis.
Tucker–Drob, E. M., Brandmaier, A. M., & Lindenberger, U. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000179 · Cited by 216
Researching community psychology: Issues of theory and methods.
(1990) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10073-000 · Cited by 198
Public Perceptions of the Legitimacy of the Law and Legal Authorities: Evidence from the Caribbean
Johnson, D., Maguire, E. R., & Kuhns, J. B. (2014) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12102 · Cited by 194
van den Broek, P., & Espin, C. A. (2012) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2012.12087512 · Cited by 198
The semi-structured affective temperament interview (TEMPS-I)
Placidi, G. F., Signoretta, S., Liguori, A., Gervasi, R., Maremmani, I., & Akiskal, H. S. (1998) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00122-5 · Cited by 196
The cognitive activity of the clinician.
Meehl, P. E. (1960) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0041744 · Cited by 196
Self-citationIndividual Differences in Emotional Complexity: Their Psychological Implications
Kang, S., & Shaver, P. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00277.x · Cited by 218
“Precision” and “Accuracy”: Two Terms That Are Neither
Streiner, D. L., & Norman, G. R. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.09.005 · Cited by 195
Landers, R. N., Brusso, R. C., Cavanaugh, K. J., & Collmus, A. B. (2016) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000081 · Cited by 195
Subjective Experiences of Schizophrenia: Toward a New Dynamic Psychiatry--II
Strauss, J. S. (1989) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/15.2.179 · Cited by 195
Chapter 9: Evaluating Test Validity
Shepard, L. A. (1993) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x019001405 · Cited by 195
Measures of explained variance: Cautions and limitations.
O’Grady, K. E. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.766 · Cited by 195
Psychological androgyny: A case of mistaken identity?
Locksley, A., & Colten, M. E. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.6.1017 · Cited by 194
On Trinitarian doctrines of validity.
Guion, R. M. (1980) · Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.11.3.385 · Cited by 193
Sullivan, E. V., Mathalon, D. H., Zipursky, R. B., Kersteen-Tucker, Z., Knight, R. T., & Pfefferbaum, A. (1993) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(93)90019-d · Cited by 193
Zhang, X.-A., Cao, Q., & Grigoriou, N. (2011) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540903366669 · Cited by 191
How to Measure the Psychological Contract? A Critical Criteria-Based Review of Measures
Freese, C., & Schalk, R. (2008) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/008124630803800202 · Cited by 192
Some Notes on the Terms ‘Validity’ and ‘Reliability’ [1]
Hammersley, M. (1987) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1080/0141192870130107 · Cited by 192
The development and validation of the Incivility from Customers Scale.
Wilson, N. L., & Holmvall, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032753 · Cited by 191
Tepper, B. J., & Henle, C. A. (2010) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.688 · Cited by 192
A structural look at consumer innovativeness and self‐congruence in new product purchases
Cowart, K. O., Fox, G. L., & Wilson, A. E. (2008) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20256 · Cited by 191
Improving Construct Validity With Cognitive Psychology Principles
Embretson, S. E., & Gorin, J. S. (2001) · Journal of Educational Measurement · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.2001.tb01131.x · Cited by 190
Snyder, H. R., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616651076 · Cited by 199
Observational measurement of behavior
Yoder, P. J., & Symons, F. J. (2010) · Cited by 190
Construct Measurement in Information Systems Research: An Illustration in Strategic Systems
Sethi, V., & King, W. R. (1991) · Decision Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1991.tb01274.x · Cited by 190
A conceptual and empirical comparison of three market orientation scales
Matsuno, K., Mentzer, J. T., & Rentz, J. O. (2003) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(03)00075-4 · Cited by 189
Political skill construct and criterion‐related validation: a two‐study investigation
Ferris, G. R., Blickle, G., Schneider, P. B., Kramer, J., Zettler, I., Solga, J., Noethen, D., & Meurs, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940810896321 · Cited by 193
The state of research on ego identity: A review and appraisal
Bourne, E. J. (1978) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537976 · Cited by 189
Validity of self-reports of alcohol and other drug use: A multitrait-multimethod assessment.
Stacy, A. W., Widaman, K. F., Hays, R. D., & DiMatteo, M. R. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.219 · Cited by 189
Underestimating digital media harm
Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Joiner, T. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0839-4 · Cited by 219
VALIDITY IN LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT
Chapelle, C. A. (1999) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190599190135 · Cited by 184
Bakker, B. N., & Yphtach Lelkes, B. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/698928 · Cited by 190
Research methods in rural studies: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods
Strijker, D., Bosworth, G. R. F., & Bouter, G. (2020) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.06.007 · Cited by 230
Zuroff, D. C., Moskowitz, D. S., Wielgus, M. S., Powers, T. A., & Franko, D. L. (1983) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(83)90033-8 · Cited by 188
Measuring user attitudes in MIS research: a review
Swanson, E. B. (1982) · Omega · doi:10.1016/0305-0483(82)90050-0 · Cited by 198
Evidence-Base Update for Parenting Stress Measures in Clinical Samples
Holly, L. E., Fenley, A. R., Kritikos, T. K., Merson, R. A., Abidin, R. R., & Langer, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1639515 · Cited by 199
Putting the “mental” back in “mental disorders”: a perspective from research on fear and anxiety
Taschereau‐Dumouchel, V., Michel, M., Lau, H. C., Hofmann, S. G., & LeDoux, J. E. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01395-5 · Cited by 200
“This is an issue of construct validity [111].”
BackgroundRisk-Focused E-Commerce Adoption Model: A Cross-Country Study
Park, J., Lee, D., & Ahn, J. (2004) · Journal of Global Information Technology Management · doi:10.1080/1097198x.2004.10856370 · Cited by 199
Developing a Short Form of the Berg Balance Scale for People With Stroke
Chou, C.-Y., Chien, C., Hsueh, I., Sheu, C., Wang, C.-H., & Hsieh, C. (2006) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/86.2.195 · Cited by 184
Evidence-based assessment of depression in adults.
Joiner, T. E., Walker, R. L., Pettit, J. W., Pérez, M., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2005) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.3.267 · Cited by 186
Hormones and personality: Testosterone as a marker of individual differences
Sellers, J. G., Mehl, M. R., & Josephs, R. A. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.004 · Cited by 186
Dachler, H. P., & Mobley, W. H. (1973) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036297 · Cited by 186
Mund, M., Maes, M., Drewke, P. M., Gutzeit, A., Jaki, I., & Qualter, P. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221077227 · Cited by 192
“However, examining the convergent validity of item scores of multiple measures is important to ensure that scores of all those measures capture interindividual differences in the same construct (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955).”
BackgroundArjoon, J. A., Xu, X., & Lewis, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed3002013 · Cited by 185
A game design framework for avoiding phishing attacks
Arachchilage, N. A. G., & Love, S. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.018 · Cited by 187
Theory Pruning: Strategies to Reduce Our Dense Theoretical Landscape
Leavitt, K., Mitchell, T. R., & Peterson, J. (2009) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428109345156 · Cited by 185
Performance satisfaction of depressives under high and low success conditions.
Sacco, W. P., & Hokanson, J. E. (1978) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197810)34:4 · Cited by 3
Poythress, N. G., Lilienfeld, S. O., Skeem, J. L., Douglas, K. S., Edens, J. F., Epstein, M. K., & Patrick, C. J. (2009) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191109351715 · Cited by 184
Metadata
- Authors
- Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1955-07
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 281-302
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1964218847
- Cited by
- 11,195
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 487 · 2025: 408 · 2024: 463 · 2023: 491 · 2022: 496 · 2021: 581 · 2020: 545 · 2019: 496 · 2018: 452 · 2017: 443 · 2016: 438 · 2015: 427 · 2014: 396 · 2013: 380 · 2012: 354
- FWCI
- 33.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Keywords
- construct validity, psychological tests, test validity, psychometrics, measurement theory
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Psychological Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
