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Construct validity in psychological tests.
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Cronbach, L. J.; Meehl, Paul E.. (1956). Construct validity in psychological tests. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/184279.
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“The second issue is the validity of ToM evaluations: ToM evaluations may fail to measure the underlying psychological construct that they are designed to measure [53,54].”
From Re-evaluating Theory of Mind evaluation in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“This is fundamentally a construct-validity problem: neighboring measures should support distinct interpretations within a nomological network rather than be treated as interchangeable indicators (Cronbach and Meehl, 1955; Messick, 1995).”
From Beyond checking: verification quality, reliance calibration, and learning in generative AI-assisted higher education (2026) · cites this paper as Cronbach and Meehl, 1955
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“To ensure sound methodology, we followed best practice guidelines for the scale development (see e.g., Boateng et al., 2018;Cronbach & Meehl, 1955) which typically include steps of item generation, scale construction, and scale evaluation.”
From Development and Validation of a Basic Psychological Needs Scale for Technology Use (2024) · cites this paper as Cronbach & Meehl, 1955
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“This work contributes to the building of a nomological net (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) for a more nuanced conceptualization of religious belief and belonging by attending to meaning-making and its developmental progression within context-specific applications.”
From A Reframing of Meaning-Making and Its Measurement Among Emerging Adults (2025) · cites this paper as Cronbach and Meehl 1955
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Cites
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“For example, we can imagine that a respondent with a relatively low score profile corresponding to frequent Position 1 level responses might be well served by religious instruction that offers the meaning behind the tradition’s practices or moral injunctions.”
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Wei, J., & Shang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1965371 · Cited by 1
A Judge Should Know What Changed:Construct Validity for LLM-as-a-Judge Evaluation
Chen, J., Chen, W., Lin, Z., & Vong, C. M. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.24419
“…validity is the question of whether an instrument measures the theoretical construct it is claimed to measure, as opposed to correlating with it [10]; the modern treatment makes validity a property of an interpretation of scores rather than of the instrument in isolation [35], and the…”
(2011) · Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository · Cited by 1,209
Metadata
- Authors
- Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1955-07
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 281-302
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1964218847
- Cited by
- 11,195
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 487 · 2025: 408 · 2024: 463 · 2023: 491 · 2022: 496 · 2021: 581 · 2020: 545 · 2019: 496 · 2018: 452 · 2017: 443 · 2016: 438 · 2015: 427 · 2014: 396 · 2013: 380 · 2012: 354
- FWCI
- 33.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Keywords
- construct validity, psychological tests, test validity, psychometrics, measurement theory
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Psychological Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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