The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recommendations for APA test standards regarding construct, trait, or discriminant validity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
Self-citationConstruct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
Response Sets and Test Validity
Cronbach, L. J. (1946) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316444600600405 · Cited by 898
Cited by
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941
A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 · Cited by 38,459
A Model of Distributor Firm and Manufacturer Firm Working Partnerships
Anderson, J. C., & Narus, J. A. (1990) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299005400103 · Cited by 5,826
Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002 · Cited by 5,435
Internet Users' Information Privacy Concerns (IUIPC): The Construct, the Scale, and a Causal Model
Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., & Agarwal, J. (2004) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.1040.0032 · Cited by 3,173
On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha
Sijtsma, K. (2009) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0 · Cited by 2,814
THE CORE SELF‐EVALUATIONS SCALE: DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE
JUDGE, T. A., EREZ, A., BONO, J. E., & THORESEN, C. J. (2003) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00152.x · Cited by 2,010
An Updated Guideline for Assessing Discriminant Validity
Rönkkö, M., & Cho, E. (2022) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428120968614 · Cited by 1,309
The development and implications of a personal problem-solving inventory.
Heppner, P. P., & Petersen, C. H. (1982) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.29.1.66 · Cited by 1,357
Construct Validity: A Review of Basic Issues and Marketing Practices
Peter, J. P. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150948 · Cited by 1,189
Theory and measurement of generalized problematic internet use : A two-step approach
Caplan, S. E. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012 · Cited by 1,061
Determining Uses and Gratifications for the Internet
Stafford, T. F., Stafford, M. R., & Schkade, L. L. (2004) · Decision Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.00117315.2004.02524.x · Cited by 1,010
The ecological validity of tests of executive function
BURGESS, P. W., ALDERMAN, N., EVANS, J., EMSLIE, H., & WILSON, B. A. (1998) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617798466037 · Cited by 932
Zhu, K., & Kraemer, K. L. (2002) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.13.3.275.82 · Cited by 779
Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Users’Guide
Ferguson, E., & Cox, T. (1993) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.1993.tb00092.x · Cited by 724
Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation
Knight, G. A. (1997) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/s0883-9026(96)00065-1 · Cited by 720
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Schuengel, C. (1996) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00006-2 · Cited by 643
The Fallacy of Formative Measurement
Edwards, J. R. (2011) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428110378369 · Cited by 495
The Role of Structural Equation Modeling in Scale Development
Noar, S. M. (2003) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1004_8 · Cited by 452
Storytelling Neighborhood: Paths to Belonging in Diverse Urban Environments
BALL-ROKEACH, S. J., KIM, Y.-C., & MATEI, S. (2001) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365001028004003 · Cited by 383
Role conflict and role ambiguity: A critical assessment of construct validity.
King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.48 · Cited by 302
Validating the Why/How contrast for functional MRI studies of Theory of Mind
Spunt, R. P., & Adolphs, R. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.023 · Cited by 116
Hojat, M., Shapurian, R., & Mehryar, A. H. (1986) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1986.59.1.331 · Cited by 55
Construct Mixology: Forming New Management Constructs by Combining Old Ones
Newman, D. A., Harrison, D. A., Carpenter, N. C., & Rariden, S. M. (2016) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2016.1161965 · Cited by 60
Feeling Loved: A novel brief self-report health measure
Barrett, B., Muller, D., Hayer, S., Ewers, T., Chase, J., Barnet, J. H., & Brown, R. (2019) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2018.07.005 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Campbell, D. T.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1960-08
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 546-553
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2030148756
- Cited by
- 560
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 6.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.