The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time.
Abstract
In the typical reaction-time experiment, S's reaction time is greater when he has to respond differentially to one of two equally probable stimuli instead of to just one stimulus. In fact, Merkel (2), using one to ten alternatives, has demonstrated that when S has to respond to one stimulus chosen from a number of equally probable alternatives, his reaction time increases with the number of alternatives. The fact that S's response to stimulus A takes more time when A is one of several rather than one of two equally probable alternatives is of intrinsic interest. But it becomes even more significant when looked at from the standpoint of modern communication theory. In communication theory the amount of information which a message conveys is an increasing function of the number of possible messages from which that particular message could have been selected. The S's reaction time seems to behave,
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Hick-Hyman law (Hyman, 1953; Welford, 1980) states that t = c+klogb where b is the number of equally likely response alternatives, c and k are constants, and t the average response time.”
From Selection from alphabetic and numeric menu trees using a touch screen: breadth, depth, and width (1985) · cites this paper as Hyman, 1953
In the citing paper
“Thus, both the HickHyman and Fitts' laws must hold, and there must be no substantial contribution from any other processes, e.g. scanning, that is other than a log or constant function of number of alternatives.”
From Selection from alphabetic and numeric menu trees using a touch screen: breadth, depth, and width (1985) · cites this paper as Hyman, 1953
Citations
Cites
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Shannon, C. E. (1948) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb00917.x · Cited by 50,201
On the Rate of Gain of Information
Hick, W. E. (1952) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470215208416600 · Cited by 2,279
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,000
The maintenance of cross-domain associations in the episodic buffer.
Langerock, N., Vergauwe, E., & Barrouillet, P. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0035783 · Cited by 43
“For example, using a change-detection paradigm in which participants had to detect whether something had changed in an array previously studied, Luck and Vogel (1997) found a capacity limit for multifeature visual objects of four. Surprisingly, this capacity limit proved to be the same as for the maintenance of single…”
BackgroundMethodResultEffects of age on performance in a finger-precuing task.
Adam, J. J., PAAS, F. G. W. C., Teeken, J. C., van Loon, E. M., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Houx, P. J., & Jolles, J. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.24.3.870 · Cited by 43
Phillips, C. A., Repperger, D. W., & Reynolds, D. B. (2006) · Wiley Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1002/9780471740360.ebs0589 · Cited by 43
Mueller, S. C., Swainson, R., & Jackson, G. M. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.046 · Cited by 42
Preparing for perception and action (II): Automatic and effortful processes in response cueing
Adam, J. J., Hommel, B., & Umiltà, C. A. (2005) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280444000779 · Cited by 44
“Since two-choice responses normally yield shorter reaction times (RTs) than fourchoice responses (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953), cue effectiveness is inferred from AUTOMATIC AND EFFORTFUL PROCESSES IN RESPONSE CUEING 1445 a significant RT advantage for the two-choice cue conditions (i.e., left±right,…”
BackgroundTapping vs. circling selections on pen-based devices
Mizobuchi, S., & Yasumura, M. (2004) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/985692.985769 · Cited by 42
“Both Fitt’s law and the HickHyman law [11, 12] represent an information-theoretic view of complexity and processing.”
BackgroundEffects of work-group structure and certain task variables on group performance.
Lanzetta, J. T., & Roby, T. B. (1956) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041796 · Cited by 42
Personality and Intellectual Capabilities in Sport Psychology
Tenenbaum, G., & Bar‐Eli, M. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5571-8_31 · Cited by 42
Predicting grip force amplitude involves circuits in the anterior basal ganglia
Wasson, P., Prodoehl, J., Coombes, S. A., Corcos, D. M., & Vaillancourt, D. E. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.047 · Cited by 43
“We expected that when subjects could predict the amplitude of the upcoming force pulse their reaction time would decrease (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundZhao, X., Hsu, C.-Y., Chang, P., & Li, L. (2015) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2015.03.005 · Cited by 41
“According to the Hyman (1953) law, the average reaction time is linearly proportional to the information entropy instead of the number of stimulus alternatives, TSj ¼ aþbCf cj ð11Þ where a and b is empirical constants, Cf cj is the choice complexity.”
BackgroundAhlström, D., Cockburn, A., Gutwin, C. A., & Irani, P. (2010) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753534 · Cited by 41
“SDP proposes that novices rely on visual search to find targets (a linear function of the number of items) while experts can decide about their location (a logarithmic function, based on the Hick-Hyman Law of choice reaction time [22, 24]).”
BackgroundA History and Primer of Human Performance Modeling
Byrne, M. D., & Pew, R. W. (2009) · Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics · doi:10.1518/155723409x448071 · Cited by 41
Travlos, A. K., & Marisi, D. Q. (1995) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.15 · Cited by 41
Keystroke-level analysis of Korean text entry methods on mobile phones
Myung, R. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.10.002 · Cited by 41
Roy, Q., Malacria, S., Guiard, Y., Lecolinet, É., & Eagan, J. (2013) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2470654.2481321 · Cited by 41
“As expressed by the Hicks-Hyman law [7], choice RT increases linearly with the logarithm of the number N of alternatives.”
MethodAllocating functions in human–machine systems.
Hancock, P. A., & Scallen, S. F. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10290-024 · Cited by 41
On the predictor variable for choice reaction time
Brigg, G. E. (1974) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196923 · Cited by 41
Neural Canvas: Supporting Scenic Design Prototyping by Integrating 3D Sketching and Generative AI
Shen, Y., Shen, Y., Cheng, J., Jiang, C., Fan, M., & Wang, Z. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642096 · Cited by 46
“Referring to the Cognitive Load Theory [83] and Hick–Hyman Law [27, 32], we think that compared with using each AI model on a separate platform, integrating these features into one platform can reduce the complexity and cognitive burden of user choices, improve user experience, and help users…”
Parallel visual search and rapid animal detection in natural scenes
Drewes, J., Trommershäuser, J., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.2.20 · Cited by 40
Covert signs of expectancy in serial reaction time tasks revealed by event-related potentials
Sommer, W., Leuthold, H., & Soetens, E. L. L. (1999) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206892 · Cited by 40
Stimulus-response probability and inhibition of return
Ivanoff, J., & Klein, R. M. (2004) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196608 · Cited by 40
“It has long been known that likely stimuli are responded to faster, and more accurately, than unlikely stimuli (Fitts & Peterson, 1964; Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953; Laming, 1968).”
BackgroundSampling or Intermittency in the Hand Control System
STARK, L. W. (1968) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0706-8_18 · Cited by 40
Electroencephalographic correlates of temporal Bayesian belief updating and surprise
Visalli, A., Capizzi, M., Ambrosini, E., Kopp, B., & Vallesi, A. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117867 · Cited by 44
The time-event correlation effect is due to temporal expectancy, not to partial transition costs.
Thomaschke, R., & Dreisbach, G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0038328 · Cited by 39
Bernstein, I. H., Schurman, D. L., & Forester, G. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0021279 · Cited by 39
Behavioral hypotheses and choice reaction time
Bernstein, I. H., & Reese, C. (1965) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03343125 · Cited by 39
Fitts’ law 50 years later: applications and contributions from human–computer interaction
Guiard, Y., & Beaudouin-Lafon, M. (2004) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.003 · Cited by 39
An optimal adjustment procedure to minimize experiment time in decisions with multiple alternatives
Hawkins, G. E., Brown, S. D., Steyvers, M., & Wagenmakers, E. (2012) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0216-z · Cited by 39
“For decisions between more than two alternatives, the typical result is Hick’s Law (also known as the Hick– Hyman Law; Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953), which states that mean response time (RT) increases linearly with the logarithm of the number of choice alternatives (K):”
BackgroundOn the time course and accuracy of spatial localization: Basic data and a two-process model
Adam, J. J., Ketelaars, M., Kingma, H., & Hoek, T. (1993) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(93)90024-l · Cited by 38
Burns, P., Harbluk, J. L., Foley, J. P., & Angell, L. (2010) · International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI) · doi:10.1145/1969773.1969776 · Cited by 38
“We know from the Hick-Hyman law that response time increases with the number of available choices [4].”
BackgroundExpectancy: Application and measurement
Sanders, A. F. (1966) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(66)90013-8 · Cited by 38
Improving Menu Interaction for Cluttered Tabletop Setups with User-Drawn Path Menus
Leithinger, D., & Haller, M. (2007) · IEEE International Workshop on Horizontal Interactive Human-Computer Systems · doi:10.1109/tabletop.2007.24 · Cited by 37
“According to the Hick-Hyman Law [10][11] and to Fitts’ Law [6], our proposed menus should be less efficient than traditional menus.”
MethodUnbiased and efficient log-likelihood estimation with inverse binomial sampling
van Opheusden, B., Acerbi, L., & Ma, W. J. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008483 · Cited by 39
“For example, such quantity could be used in a behavioral model to test for the generalized Hick-Hyman law, that states that reaction time is proportional to the entropy of the available choices [52].”
BackgroundVariability of Practice, Information Processing, and Decision Making—How Much Do We Know?
Czyż, S. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639131 · Cited by 46
“The RT will be increased due to the increased response selection duration (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953; Seibel, 1962, 1963; Schmidt et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSimon-Type Effects: Chronometric Evidence for Keypress Schemata in Typewriting.
Logan, G. D. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.29.4.741 · Cited by 37
“The reduction in the Simon effect could have been due to some direct effect of the number of alternative responses, or it could have been due to the increase in RT that accompanies increases in the number of alternative responses (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundEvidence for a basic level in a taxonomy of everyday action sounds
Lemaître, G., & Heller, L. M. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3430-7 · Cited by 40
Reaction time as a function of stimulus information and age.
Suci, G. J., Davidoff, M. D., & Surwillo, W. W. (1960) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048689 · Cited by 37
Human decision making balances reward maximization and policy compression
Lai, L., & Gershman, S. J. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012057 · Cited by 43
“An agent’s capacity limit places an upper bound on its policy complexity (Fig 2F), In our previous work [11], we argued that response time (RT) should be a linear function of policy complexity, which can be manipulated even when the number of states is held fixed [16].”
Selective influence of working memory load on exceptionally slow reaction times.
Shahar, N., Teodorescu, A. R., Usher, M., Pereg, M., & Meiran, N. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0037190 · Cited by 36
Accumulating advantages: A new conceptualization of rapid multiple choice.
van Ravenzwaaij, D., Brown, S. D., Marley, A. A. J., & Heathcote, A. (2019) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000166 · Cited by 35
“Hick’s law states that the mean RT and the logarithm of the number of choice alternatives are linearly related (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundRhythmic and discrete elements in multi-joint coordination
Sternad, D., & Dean, W. J. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03292-x · Cited by 36
Similarity and number of alternatives in the random-dot motion paradigm
van Maanen, L., Grasman, R. P. P. P., Forstmann, B. U., Keuken, M. C., Brown, S. D., & Wagenmakers, E. (2012) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0267-7 · Cited by 36
“This result is inconsistent with previous work on multiple-choice behavior that found that mean response times increased with the log of the number of alternatives (sometimes referred to as Hick’s law; Brown et al., 2009; Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953; Teichner & Krebs, 1974).”
ResultAbsolute pitch and pupillary response: Effects of timbre and key color
Schlemmer, K., Kulke, F., Kuchinke, L., & van der Meer, E. E. (2005) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00306.x · Cited by 36
Motor planning: effect of directional uncertainty with discrete spatial cues
Pellizzer, G., & Hedges, J. H. (2003) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1453-1 · Cited by 37
“The relation between RT and number of alternative responses is often described using the Hick-Hyman law, which states that average RT is linearly related to uncertainty (Hick 1952; Hyman 1953).”
Hsia, H. J. (1968) · AV communication review · doi:10.1007/bf02768625 · Cited by 36
Choice and stimulus–response compatibility affect duration of response selection
Dassonville, P., Lewis, S. M., Foster, H. E., & Ashe, J. (1999) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00027-5 · Cited by 34
Supporting and Exploiting Spatial Memory in User Interfaces
Scarr, J. (2012) · now publishers, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1561/9781601987471 · Cited by 35
Domain-Specific and Unspecific Reaction Times in Experienced Team Handball Goalkeepers and Novices
Helm, F., Reiser, M., & Munzert, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00882 · Cited by 36
“R alternatives (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
ResultDriver behaviour and accident records at unsignalized urban intersections
Polus, A. (1985) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/0001-4575(85)90005-3 · Cited by 35
Searching for the Majority: Algorithms of Voluntary Control
Fan, J., Guise, K. G., Liu, X., & Wang, H. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003522 · Cited by 35
“, [18,21,22]), though the causality in this relationship has been challenged [23,24].”
THE PERCEPTION OF LIGHT SIGNALS: THE EFFECT OF THE NUMBER OF IRRELEVANT LIGHTS
Crawford, A. M. (1962) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140136208930612 · Cited by 35
Processing time for naming and categorization of letters and numbers
Dick, A. O. (1971) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212664 · Cited by 35
Energy efficiency in software: A case study on sustainability in personal health records
García‐Berná, J. A., Fernández‐Alemán, J. L., de Gea, J. M. C., Toval, A., Mancebo, J., Calero, C., & García, F. O. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124262 · Cited by 34
“The human cognitive process of taking decisions can be accelerated by applying the Hick-Hyman Law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
Tajima, D., Nishida, J., Lopes, P., & Kasahara, S. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3489608 · Cited by 36
Allen, P. A., Murphy, M. D., Kaufman, M., Groth, K. E., & Begović, A. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/59.5.p210 · Cited by 34
Visual Impairment: The Use of Visual Profiles in Evaluations of Icon Use in Computer-Based Tasks
Jacko, J. A., Rosa, R. H., Scott, I. U., Pappas, C. J., & Dixon, M. A. (2000) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc1201_7 · Cited by 34
“Historicallyithasbeenshownthatin typicalreactiontimeexperiments,participants’reactiontimesincreasewhenre-quiredtoresponddifferentiallytooneoftwoequallyprobablestimuliinsteadofjustonestimulus(Hyman,1953).”
BackgroundA Cyclic Decision Model of Perceptual Alternation
Vickers, D. (1972) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p010031 · Cited by 34
Some aspects of reaction processes
Sanders, A. F. (1967) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(67)90052-2 · Cited by 34
Interaction of time-uncertainty and relative signal frequency in determining choice reaction time.
Bertelson, P., & Barzeele, J. (1965) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022534 · Cited by 34
Paton, C., Kushniruk, A. W., Borycki, E. M., English, M., & Warren, J. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25281 · Cited by 41
“For example, the Fitts law is used for mouse pointing [12], the Hick-Hyman law is used for reviewing a sorted list [13,14], and goals operators methods and selection rules (GOMS) [15] is a high-level model that is used to describe the cognitive processes and methods involved in using a computer to…”
MethodSupporting menu design with radial layouts
Samp, K., & Decker, S. (2010) · International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI) · doi:10.1145/1842993.1843021 · Cited by 33
“According to [7, 8, 11, 16], the decision time is a logarithmic function of the number of items the user has to choose from.”
BackgroundBasics for sensorimotor information processing: some implications for learning
Vidal, F., Meckler, C., & Hasbroucq, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00033 · Cited by 31
“Therefore, if performance is critical, attention sharing, when possible, should be avoided in sensorimotor activities (Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundVirtual keyboard design: State of the arts and research issues
Sarcar, S., Ghosh, S., Saha, P. K., & Samanta, D. (2010) · IEEE Students’ Technology Symposium · doi:10.1109/techsym.2010.5469165 · Cited by 33
“In the FD model, RT is calculated using the Hick-Hyman law [12], [13] depicted in Eqn.”
BackgroundMethodHalvorson, K. M., Ebner, H., & Hazeltine, E. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0029475 · Cited by 40
A Blockchain-Based Trusted Edge Platform in Edge Computing Environment
Zhang, J., Lu, C., Cheng, G., Guo, T., Kang, J., Zhang, X., Yuan, X., & Yan, X. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21062126 · Cited by 33
“We compared the measured data with human reaction times [26,27], which measure the reaction time of a person to a certain stimulus.”
ResultInformation Processing in Aviation
Vidulich, M. A., Wickens, C. D., Tsang, P. S., & Flach, J. M. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374518-7.00007-9 · Cited by 33
Dissociating Visual Attention and Effector Selection in Spatial Precuing Tasks.
Adam, J. J., & Pratt, J. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.6.1092 · Cited by 33
The effects of hypoxia on reaction time and movement time components of a perceptual—motor task
Fowler, B., Taylor, M., & Porlier, G. A. (1987) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138708966040 · Cited by 33
Locus of the relative frequency effect in choice reaction time.
Hawkins, H. L., MacKay, S. L., Holley, S. L., Friedin, B. D., & Cohen, S. L. (1973) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035465 · Cited by 33
Evidence of strategic effects in the modulation of orienting of attention
Nougier, V., Rossi, B., ALAIN, C., & Taddei, F. (1996) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139608964533 · Cited by 33
THE PERCEPTION OF LIGHT SIGNALS : THE EFFECT OF MIXING FLASHING AND STEADY IRRELEVANT LIGHTS
Crawford, A. M. (1963) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140136308930708 · Cited by 33
On the rate of gain of information in children
Fairweather, H., & Hutt, S. J. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(78)90002-4 · Cited by 33
Compatibility and Time-Sharing in Serial Reaction Time.
Keele, S. W. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0021283 · Cited by 33
Lexical Decision Time as a Function of Visual Field and Stimulus Probability
Babkoff, H., & Ben-Uriah, Y. (1983) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(83)80047-1 · Cited by 33
Relative signal frequency imbalance does not affect perceptual encoding in choice reactions
de Jong, F., & Sanders, A. F. (1986) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(86)90088-0 · Cited by 33
Motor planning perturbation: muscle activation and reaction time
Delmas, S., Casamento‐Moran, A., Park, S. H., Yacoubi, B. E., & Christou, E. A. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00323.2018 · Cited by 32
“, stimulus), the motor plan was likely perturbed from the RT task increasing in difficulty as evidenced from slower RT (Hyman 1953; Schmidt et al. 1988; Smith 1968; Woods et al. 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVisually guided, aimed movements can be unaffected by stimulus–response uncertainty
Wright, C. E., Marino, V. F., Belovsky, S. A., & Chubb, C. F. (2007) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0805-z · Cited by 32
“This relationship is often referred to as the Hick–Hyman law after the authors of two early papers that proposed a logarithmic formulation to quantify the uncertainty effect (Hick 1952; Hyman 1953).”
BackgroundMilić, M., Nedeljković, A., Čuk, I., Mudrić, M. R., & García‐Ramos, A. (2019) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2019.1671498 · Cited by 32
“This result is in line with the seminal works of Hick (1952) and Hyman (1953).”
ResultPigeon reaction time, Hick’s law, and intelligence
Vickrey, C., & Neuringer, A. J. (2000) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03212983 · Cited by 32
Configural response learning: The acquisition of a nonpredictive motor skill.
Hazeltine, E., Aparicio, P. L., Weinstein, A. J., & Ivry, R. B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.6.1451 · Cited by 32
The effect of task complexity on reflection-impulsivity*1
Yando, R. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90013-7 · Cited by 32
Serial-Choice Reaction Time: Inadequacies of the Information Hypothesis
Kornblum, S. (1968) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.159.3813.432 · Cited by 32
Understanding Central Processes
Hazeltine, E., & Schumacher, E. H. (2015) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2015.09.006 · Cited by 34
“The HickeHyman law (HHL, Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953) is foundational to the information processing approach to cognitive psychology and describes the linear relationship between RT and the log 2 of the number of S-R alternatives, provided they are all equally likely.”
BackgroundActivation of the cognitive control network associated with information uncertainty
Wu, T., Schulz, K. P., & Fan, J. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117703 · Cited by 30
“Based on previous behavioral nd fMRI studies ( Hick, 1952 ; Hyman, 1953 ; Wu et al., 2018 ), it was preicted that an increase in information entropy would be associated with linear increase in both RT and activation in the regions of the CCN. igher order nonlinear relationships were not examined…”
High loads induce differences between actual and imagined movement duration
Slifkin, A. B. (2007) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-007-1154-2 · Cited by 33
“Increases in N are said to increase uncertainty in selecting the correct response location for a given stimulus location (Hick 1952; Hyman 1953).”
An anti-Hick's effect in monkey and human saccade reaction times
Lawrence, B. M., John, A. E. S., Abrams, R. A., & Snyder, L. H. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.3.26 · Cited by 31
“, Fitts’VFitts, 1992; Weber–FechnerVFechner, 1860/1966; Stevens’VStevens, 1957), has been widely supported in the literature (e.g., Alluisi, 1965; Broadbent and Gregory, 1965; Hyman, 1953), under a variety of experimental conditions (for a review, see Teichner & Krebs, 1974), and has had far-reaching application from…”
BackgroundContext Effects in Multi‐Alternative Decision Making: Empirical Data and a Bayesian Model
Hawkins, G. E., Brown, S. D., Steyvers, M., & Wagenmakers, E. (2012) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01221.x · Cited by 30
Entropy compensation in human motor adaptation
Hong, S. L., & Newell, K. M. (2008) · Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science · doi:10.1063/1.2838854 · Cited by 31
The Persistence Of Psychological Refractoriness
Gottsdanker, R. M., & Stelmach, G. E. (1971) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.1971.10734910 · Cited by 31
Evidence for an attentional model of human intelligence using the competing task paradigm
Roberts, R. D., Beh, H. C., Spilsbury, G., & Stankov, L. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90062-g · Cited by 31
A study of disjunctive reaction times
Rapoport, A. (2007) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/bs.3830040404 · Cited by 31
Cognitive Influences on Perceptual Processing.
Miller, J. O. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/h0078135 · Cited by 31
Mouratidis, K., Li, K., & Tang, B. (2021) · ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD) · doi:10.1145/3448016.3457299 · Cited by 30
“Regarding the output size, Hick’s law, known since the 50’s, suggests that controlling the number of results presented to the user is essential to the quality of the decision and to the user experience [34, 37].”
BackgroundEvidence for an Activation Locus of the Word-Frequency Effect in Lexical Decision.
Allen, P. A., Smith, A. F., Lien, M.-C., Grabbe, J. W., & Murphy, M. D. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.4.713 · Cited by 30
“The Hick–Hyman law suggests that for many tasks there is a linear relationship between response time and log-transformed errors (e.g., Hyman, 1953). Also see Allen, Murphy, Kaufman, Groth, and Begovic (2004) for a more detailed discussion of this issue applied to a lexical decision task.”
BackgroundDeveloping Predictive Equations to Model the Visual Demand of In-Vehicle Touchscreen HMIs
Large, D. R., Burnett, G., Crundall, E., van Loon, E. M., Eren, A. L., & Skrypchuk, L. (2017) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2017.1306940 · Cited by 30
“The Hick – Hyman Law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953) compliments Fitts ’ Law by modeling the relationship between information load and choice-reaction time, i.e., the time taken to determine which target/item to acquire before moving toward it — interfaces with more options have higher information…”
BackgroundProperties of saccades generated as a choice response
Lee, K., Keller, E. L., & Heinen, S. J. (2004) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-004-2186-5 · Cited by 31
“Hick’s law describes the relationship between response time and the number of alternatives (NA) in making a choice response (Hick 1952; Hyman 1953), and the relationship has attracted much attention from psychologists and theoretical cognitive scientists because the logarithmic relationship of the…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialParallel direction and extent specification of planar reaching arm movements in humans
Favilla, M., & de Cecco, E. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00135-2 · Cited by 31
Wobbrock, J. O., & Myers, B. A. (2006) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/1168987.1168990 · Cited by 31
“For a better estimate, we can enrich our model by adding a term for visual search time based on the Hick-Hyman law [12,13].”
MethodDirect visuomotor mapping for fast visually-evoked arm movements
Reynolds, R. F., & Day, B. L. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.006 · Cited by 29
Production monitoring system development and modification; pp. 567–580
Snatkin, A., Eiskop, T., Karjust, K., & Majak, J. (2015) · Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences · doi:10.3176/proc.2015.4s.04 · Cited by 29
“When the operator has to make choices from the data presented (e.g., menus, buttons), the number of choices should be limited to decrease the responding time according to the Hick’s Law [21,22].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hyman, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hyman, Ray
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1953
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 188-196
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014448832
- Cited by
- 1,443
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 6.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- reaction time, stimulus information, number of alternatives, differential response, information theory, stimulus probability, reaction time (psychology)
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Learning, Reaction Time
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
