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Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time.
Abstract
In the typical reaction-time experiment, S's reaction time is greater when he has to respond differentially to one of two equally probable stimuli instead of to just one stimulus. In fact, Merkel (2), using one to ten alternatives, has demonstrated that when S has to respond to one stimulus chosen from a number of equally probable alternatives, his reaction time increases with the number of alternatives. The fact that S's response to stimulus A takes more time when A is one of several rather than one of two equally probable alternatives is of intrinsic interest. But it becomes even more significant when looked at from the standpoint of modern communication theory. In communication theory the amount of information which a message conveys is an increasing function of the number of possible messages from which that particular message could have been selected. The S's reaction time seems to behave,
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“The Hick-Hyman law (Hyman, 1953; Welford, 1980) states that t = c+klogb where b is the number of equally likely response alternatives, c and k are constants, and t the average response time.”
From Selection from alphabetic and numeric menu trees using a touch screen: breadth, depth, and width (1985) · cites this paper as Hyman, 1953
In the citing paper
“Thus, both the HickHyman and Fitts' laws must hold, and there must be no substantial contribution from any other processes, e.g. scanning, that is other than a log or constant function of number of alternatives.”
From Selection from alphabetic and numeric menu trees using a touch screen: breadth, depth, and width (1985) · cites this paper as Hyman, 1953
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“…between some aspect of the stimulus and the correct response, seems strange considering that there is a long history of finding and using differences in reaction time to evaluate how long it takes to make various distinctions (Donders 1969; Hyman 1953; Merkel 1885; Teichner and Krebs 1974).”
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“Perhaps the earliest demonstration of the effect of limited processing capacity on choice was the finding (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953) that the time required to identify items in a set increases with the number of items in the set.”
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“Divers travaux déjà anciens ont montré que cette grandeur constituait une mesure valide de la difficulté, et notamment qu'elle variait de manière linéaire avec la performance (Fitts, 1954, Hick, 1952, Hyman, 1953).”
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“This change occurs because once items are well known, their locations can be retrieved from memory, which follows the logarithmic Hick-Hyman law of choice response [6, 18, 29].”
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“It incorporates Fitts' law [16], an experimentally obtained key/finger-repeat-time measure and the Hick-Hyman law [14, 15 ] to predict the reaction time (RT) for a novice user in visually scanning a 2 7-letter layout (including Space) to find the target letter (Eq. 1):”
MethodCovert orienting: A compound-cue account of the proportion cued effect
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“Thus, according to the compound-cue frequency account, the proportion cued effect reflects the well-documented observation that frequent events are responded to more quickly than infrequent events (Bertelson & Tisseyre, 1965; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundA revision of the psychological refractory period
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“This can be overcome by using a measure of uncertainty reduction that makes allowances for errors (Hyman , 1953).”
Reaction time as a function of stimulus uncertainty on a single trial
Bartz, A. E. (1971) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213036 · Cited by 13
Memory and locality in natural language
Futrell, R. (2017) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 13
Feldman, L. B., Dale, R. A. C., & van Rij, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2019.00017 · Cited by 12
“As a result, the influence on keystroke latency of the distance a finger must move to the key (Fitts, 1954) as well as the decision of which fingers to use (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953) are weakened if not fully eliminated.”
BackgroundHuang, Y.-C., & Wu, F.-G. (2015) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2015.08.002 · Cited by 12
Predicting the visual demand of finger-touch pointing tasks in a driving context
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“Further work should thus incorporate other common predictor equations, such as the Hick-Hyman Law [6,7], which concerns the time taken to determine which target/item to acquire before moving towards it, as well as considering a broader range of input techniques, such as multiple finger…”
Decision Speed Induces Context Effects in Choice
Hawkins, G. E., Brown, S. D., Mark Steyvers, B., & Wagenmakers, E. (2012) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000145 · Cited by 15
“For instance, the benchmark in multi-alternative choice is Hick’s Law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953), that response time increases linearlywith the logarithm of set size (for general overview of Hick’s Law research see Teichner & Krebs, 1974; Welford, 1980).”
BackgroundEvaluation of Forward Collision Avoidance system using driver's hazard perception
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Controlling system uncertainty in sport and work
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“The difference in overall selection performance may be explained by the Hick-Hyman Law of choice-reaction time [20,22], which implies that selection time increases with the number of available options (see Discussion below).”
BackgroundEffects of Directional Uncertainty on Visually-Guided Joystick Pointing
Berryhill, M. E., Kveraga, K., & Hughes, H. C. (2005) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.100.1.267-274 · Cited by 12
Action Without Awareness: Reaching to an Object You Do Not Remember Seeing
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“Of course, the between-experiment difference represents an expected result owing to the increased stimulus response alternatives used here [38–39].”
ResultDistinct mechanisms for planning keypress and reaching responses: A developmental study
Adam, J. J., Parthoens, S., & Pratt, J. (2006) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2006.03.005 · Cited by 12
Effects of agent timing on the human-agent team
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“The time required to perform each stage is dependent upon the complexity of the task (Fitts & Peterson, 1964; Hyman, 1953) as well as human motivation and skill level (Dixon & Wickens, 2003).”
MethodThe effects of stimulus sequence and probability on perceptual processing
Hansen, R. S., & Well, A. D. (1984) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203893 · Cited by 12
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Reaction Time and Psychometric Intelligence
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Menu search as a function of menu organization, categorization and experience
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Analysis of Sequential Effects for a Four-Choice Reaction Time Experiment
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Computers in the training of inquiry
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“The experiment that we use to teach block definitions is based upon work by Hyman (1953).”
MethodFitts' Law and Expanding Targets: An Experimental Study, and Applications to User Interface Design
John, M. (2002) · Cited by 12
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Lee, B. L., & Bederson, B. B. (2003) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · Cited by 12
The Study of Bilingual Language Processing
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Predictive Scanning Keyboard Operated by Hissing
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“Hick-Hyman law [34] and is logarithmically dependent on the length of the alphabet.”
BackgroundHuang, K., John, A. R., Jung, T., Tsai, W.-F., Yu, Y.-H., & Lin, C. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2021.3092876 · Cited by 11
Effects of Multisensory Distractor Interference on Attentional Driving
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A model of novice and expert navigation performance in constrained-input interfaces
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Visual clue: An approach to predict and highlight next character
Sharma, M. K., Sarcar, S., Saha, P. K., & Samanta, D. (2012) · Intelligent Human Computer Interaction · doi:10.1109/ihci.2012.6481820 · Cited by 11
“According to the Hick-Hyman law [[ 15], [16 ]] , the reaction time is directly proportional to the number of objects in the interface.”
Probabilistic Decision Making with Spikes: From ISI Distributions to Behaviour via Information Gain
Caballero, J. A., Lepora, N. F., & GURNEY, K. N. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124787 · Cited by 10
“Hick’s law (sometimes known as the Hick-Hyman law) describes the relation often observed between mean reaction time TR and the number of alternatives N in choice reaction time experiments with low error rates [35, 45, 46].”
BackgroundObjective assessment of operator performance during ultrasound-guided procedures
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“The log2 conversion was chosen to maintain consistency with Fitts’ Law [16, 17] governing feedback controlled movements, Hicks Hyman law [18, 19] regarding reaction time and other equations that are derived from information theory [20, 21].”
MethodManual choice reaction times in the rate-domain
Harris, C. M., Waddington, J., Biscione, V., & Manzi, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00418 · Cited by 15
“It has long been known that sequential effects occur in manual choice RTs (Hyman, 1953).”
Human observer confidence in image quality assessment
Engelke, U., Maeder, A. J., & Zepernick, H. (2012) · Signal Processing Image Communication · doi:10.1016/j.image.2012.07.007 · Cited by 11
“The complexity of the distortion patterns is also considered to impact on the reaction time, as it was shown that the amount of information in a stimulus is strongly connected to the observers reaction time [23,24].”
BackgroundDesign and Evaluation of Soft Keyboards for Brahmic Scripts
Hinkle, L., Brouillette, A., Jayakar, S., Gathings, L., Lezcano, M., & Kalita, J. K. (2013) · ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing · doi:10.1145/2461316.2461318 · Cited by 11
“Hick-Hyman s Law [Hick 1952; Hyman 1953] predicts the amount of time a person will take to make a decision given the number of choices they have.”
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“Hick-Hyman law [13, 27] defines the entropy of equally likely decisions n is defined as”
BackgroundEngineering Psychology and Ergonomics
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Voluntary movement strategies of individuals with unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction*
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“This finding supports previous literature that also has suggested that moving from a precued to a choice RT condition results in a lengthening of RT [20,21,27–30].”
Effective virtual keyboard design with size and space adaptation
Ghosh, S., Sarcar, S., Sharma, M. K., & Samanta, D. (2010) · IEEE Students’ Technology Symposium · doi:10.1109/techsym.2010.5469159 · Cited by 11
“Applying Hick-Hyman law Reaction time or Visual search time is then calculated [18] [19].”
MethodSaccades and reaches, behaving differently
Lawrence, B. M., & Gardella, A. (2009) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1804-7 · Cited by 11
“The results of a 1 Because the purpose of the experiment was not to test Hick’s Law per se, but rather to examine the relationship between saccade and reach latencies and the number of response alternatives for concomitantly executed movements, the number of alternatives was chosen to maximize the number of trials.”
Ortells, J. J., Álvarez, D., Noguera, C., Carmona, E., & de Fockert, J. W. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00129 · Cited by 11
“As the probability with which a condition occurs in the context of an experiment has a strong effect on response times (Hyman, 1953), the finding that this fundamental effect was”
BackgroundHistorical background and the present status of reaction time studies.
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Chapter 1 Antecedents of action
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Effect of Directional Response Variables on Eye-Hand Reaction Times and Decision Time
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Latency Models for Reaction Time Distributions
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Reproducing and Re-experiencing the Writing Process in Japanese Calligraphy
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Jiang, L., & Chen, Y.-H. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2021.1954781 · Cited by 11
“Previous studies have argued the relationship between reaction time and number of choices, such as the famous Hick–Hyman law (Cockburn & Gutwin, 2009; Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953; Kujala & Saariluoma, 2011).”
BackgroundUsing relative head and hand-target features to predict intention in 3D moving-target selection
Casallas, J. S., Oliver, J. H., Kelly, J. W., Merienne, F., & Garbaya, S. (2014) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2014.6802050 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, these times could be related to existing models, such as Hick-Hyman’s Law [13].”
Kubanek, J., Wang, C., & Snyder, L. H. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00968.2012 · Cited by 11
“Hick’s law states that, in general, reaction time increases with the number of possible choices (Hick 1952; Hyman 1953).”
BackgroundThe Cost of Knowing: How Obstacle Alerts Reduce Walking Speeds of Augmented White Cane Users
Skovfoged, M. M., Rasmussen, A. S., Kirsh, D., & Knoche, H. O. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3546727 · Cited by 10
“Hick-Hyman’s law [18] predicts increasing the number of possible stimuli logarithmically increases the cognitive processing time when taking specific actions.”
Blinch, J., Cameron, B. D., Franks, I. M., Carpenter, M. G., & Chua, R. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0624-y · Cited by 10
“) This is a problem because RTs can increase with the number of movement choices (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953; Favilla, 1996; Wright, Marino, Belovsky & Chubb, 2007).”
BackgroundDesigning an efficient virtual keyboard for text composition in Bengali
Ghosh, S., Sarcar, S., & Samanta, D. (2011) · Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI) · doi:10.1145/2407796.2407809 · Cited by 10
“where, n is the number of keys in the keyboard, movement time from ith key to jth key is MTij, probability of typing ith key after jth is represented by Pij and reaction time (RT) is calculated through Hick-Hyman law [6], [8] as shown in Eqn.”
MethodPhillips, C. A., Kinsler, R. E., Repperger, D. W., Mandal, J., Neidhard-Doll, A. T., & Kender, D. M. (2012) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/1463922x.2011.637245 · Cited by 10
“The information content (bit) for the discrete stimulus tasks was the display alternatives-of-choice (Hick 1952, Hyman 1953) and for the continuous tracking task, was the display index-of-difficulty (Fitts 1954).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe channel capacity of visual awareness divided among multiple moving objects
Lappin, J., Morse, D. L., & Seiffert, A. E. (2016) · Attention, perception & psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-016-1162-z · Cited by 12
Friedman, R., Haimy, A., Gefen, A., & Epstein, Y. (2018) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.04.012 · Cited by 10
Tillman, M., & Ambike, S. (2018) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-018-5333-0 · Cited by 10
“Therefore, the increase in RT for the fast dexterous task is consistent with the Hick–Hyman law, which states that the RT in a choice reaction time task increases logarithmically with the number of possible choices (Hick 1952; Hyman 1953).”
ResultSequence Based Optimization of Manufacturing Complexity in a Mixed Model Assembly Line
Busogi, M., Song, D., Kang, S. H., & Kim, N. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2897735 · Cited by 10
Koch, I., Hazeltine, E., Petersen, G., & Weissman, D. H. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02708-2 · Cited by 10
“This increase of RT is consistent with the venerable Hick-Hyman law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953) relating RT to the amount of information to be processed (see Proctor & Sch-neider, 2018, for a historical review).”
Prediction of the human response time with the similarity and quantity of information
Lee, S.-J., Heo, G., & Chang, S. H. (2005) · Reliability Engineering & System Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ress.2005.06.004 · Cited by 10
“Although a large number of studies have been made on the human performance, little is known about the similarity effect in human performance.”
BackgroundOn the Nature of Time in Conceptual and Computational Nervous Systems
Hancock (2007) · KronoScope · doi:10.1163/156852407x249034 · Cited by 10
“For example, in choice reaction time, an individual’s processing speed increases as a log-linear function of the number of binary choices that have to be accomplished (Hick, 1952: Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundAn empirical methodology for human integration in the SE technical processes
Hardman, N. S., & Colombi, J. M. (2012) · Systems Engineering · doi:10.1002/sys.20201 · Cited by 10
Age-Based Differences in Task Switching Are Moderated by Executive Control Demands
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“A bounty of research exploring the choice reaction-time paradigm has shown that as the number stimulus-response alternatives increase, so too do the decision latencies, in a logarithmic manner (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953; Smith, 1968).”
BackgroundEffects of cognitive demand on situational interest and running task performances
Zhu, X., & Chen, S. (2017) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2017.1284308 · Cited by 10
“Decades ago, Hick–Hyman’s Law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953) was devised through laboratory experiments to describe the complexity of information on choice reaction time: more complex information led to exponentially longer choice reaction time, thus significantly decreasing test performance in reaction time.”
MethodInfluentialThe action effect: Support for the biased competition hypothesis
Huffman, G., & Pratt, J. (2017) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-017-1343-4 · Cited by 12
“For example, attentional biases can be caused by target frequency (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953), associative learning of response effects (Gozli et al., 2014), and stimulus-pain learning (Koster, Crombez, Van Damme, Verschuere, & De Houwer, 2005).”
BackgroundChapter 5 Representational issues in motor learning: Phenomena and theory
(1996) · Handbook of perception and action · doi:10.1016/s1874-5822(06)80008-3 · Cited by 13
Stimulus-response compatibility and parallel response selection.
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The ‘Distraction Effect’ and Information Processing Complexity
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Effects of Stimulus Probability on Reaction Time in a Number-Naming Task
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Design of a Computerized Device to Measure Simple Reaction Time/Decision Time
Repperger, D. W., Jacobson, J. M., Walbroehl, G. S., Michel, N., & Goodyear, C. (1985) · Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.3109/03091908509032111 · Cited by 10
Response selection influences inhibition of return
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Effects of stimulus-response uncertainty on watchkeeping performance and choice reactions
Kulp, R. A., & Alluisi, E. A. (1967) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210256 · Cited by 10
The spatial proximity hypothesis of the hand advantage in spatial precuing tasks
Adam, J. J. (1992) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/0167-9457(92)90034-9 · Cited by 10
A Statistical Test of a Prediction from Information Theory in a Card-Sorting Situation
Laming, D. (1962) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470216208416508 · Cited by 10
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Habitual responses are retrieved from memory, not triggered reflexivelyPreprint
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hyman, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hyman, Ray
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1953
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 188-196
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014448832
- Cited by
- 1,443
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 6.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- reaction time, stimulus information, number of alternatives, differential response, information theory, stimulus probability, reaction time (psychology)
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Learning, Reaction Time
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