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Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time.
Abstract
In the typical reaction-time experiment, S's reaction time is greater when he has to respond differentially to one of two equally probable stimuli instead of to just one stimulus. In fact, Merkel (2), using one to ten alternatives, has demonstrated that when S has to respond to one stimulus chosen from a number of equally probable alternatives, his reaction time increases with the number of alternatives. The fact that S's response to stimulus A takes more time when A is one of several rather than one of two equally probable alternatives is of intrinsic interest. But it becomes even more significant when looked at from the standpoint of modern communication theory. In communication theory the amount of information which a message conveys is an increasing function of the number of possible messages from which that particular message could have been selected. The S's reaction time seems to behave,
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“The Hick-Hyman law (Hyman, 1953; Welford, 1980) states that t = c+klogb where b is the number of equally likely response alternatives, c and k are constants, and t the average response time.”
From Selection from alphabetic and numeric menu trees using a touch screen: breadth, depth, and width (1985) · cites this paper as Hyman, 1953
In the citing paper
“Thus, both the HickHyman and Fitts' laws must hold, and there must be no substantial contribution from any other processes, e.g. scanning, that is other than a log or constant function of number of alternatives.”
From Selection from alphabetic and numeric menu trees using a touch screen: breadth, depth, and width (1985) · cites this paper as Hyman, 1953
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“This data is consistent with what we know about such challenges from Hick’s Law [25, 26].”
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“It is hypothesized that such differences occurred due to the combination of two different factors that culminated in the measurement error by the evaluator: (1) the reaction time required for the evaluator to obtain the visual signal and respond by triggering the stopwatch [16, 23]; and (2) the evaluator’s impairment…”
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“However, the cognitive delay can be only pessimistically predicted based on the Hick-Hyman Law, as mentioned before.”
BackgroundInfluentialGrouping of Stimuli and Apparent Exceptions to the Psychological Refractory Period
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“However, it is worth to mention that MC could be studied on the basis of another previous and widely used model, Hick-Hyman Law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
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“The effectiveness of the precue is inferred from the response time (RT) advantage of the precue conditions relative to baseline (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundSeegelke, C., Hughes, C. M. L., Knoblauch, A., & Schack, T. (2013) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.09.002 · Cited by 19
“It has been shown that the response latency increases as the amount of possible choice alternatives increases (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundHuman performance modeling and its uncertainty factors affecting decision making: a survery
Li, N., Huang, J., & Feng, Y. (2020) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-019-04659-z · Cited by 18
“The Hick–Hyman Law models the selection of an action (Hick 1952; Hyman 1953), which is illustrated in Fig.”
BackgroundUrry, K., Burns, N. R., & Baetu, I. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01158 · Cited by 19
“The number of stimuli that intervene between the previous and the current occurrence of a stimulus can influence reaction times even in longer sequences (Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundSequence Planning to Minimize Complexity in Mixed-Model Assembly Lines
Zhu, X., Hu, S. J., Koren, Y., Marin, S. P., & Huang, N. (2007) · IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Manufacturing · doi:10.1109/isam.2007.4288481 · Cited by 19
“In fact, the definition of OCC is also similar to that of the cognitive measure of human performance in the Hicks-Hyman Law [9], [10].”
ResultComparison of Mouse and Keyboard Efficiency
Omanson, R. C., Miller, C. S., Young, E. M., & Schwantes, D. (2010) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193121005400612 · Cited by 19
“In their model, recalling an item’s location has a logarithmic relation to the number of items as described by the Hick-Hyman law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
MethodA model of non-preferred hand mode switching
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Massaro, D. W. (1986) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03201006 · Cited by 20
“the number of alternatives in the task (Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundMethodSPEED AND ACCURACY OF ABSOLUTE PITCH JUDGMENTS: SOME LATTER‐DAY RESULTS
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Information Input and Response Time
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Wrist and arm movements of varying difficulties
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“For example, numerous experiments using discrete aiming tasks have demonstrated that reaction time increases with increased movement difficulty (e.g., Henry & Rogers, 1960; Hyman, 1953; Klapp, 1996; Rosenbaum, 1980; Sidaway, 1991).”
BackgroundComparing movement preparation of unimanual, bimanual symmetric, and bimanual asymmetric movements
Blinch, J., Cameron, B. D., Cressman, E. K., Franks, I. M., Carpenter, M. G., & Chua, R. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3807-7 · Cited by 18
“This is a problem because reaction times can increase with the number of movement choices (Hick 1952; Hyman 1953; cf. Favilla 1996; Wright et al. 2007).”
BackgroundGomide, R. D. S., Loja, L. F. B., Lemos, R. P., Flôres, E. L., de Melo, F. R., & Teixeira, R. A. G. (2016) · Research on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1590/2446-4740.01715 · Cited by 18
“Eng. 2016 June; 32(2): 176-198 A virtual keyboard with optimization techniques According to Hick-Hyman law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953), user reaction time is directly proportional to the number of objects in the interface.”
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“Of critical interest to the present investigation is the observation that in the Garner tasks , RTs are shorter and performance is more accurate if an item is repeated from the previous trial ( Garner , 1974 ; see also Bertelson , 1961 ; Felfoldy , 1974 ; Hyman , 1953 ) .”
Human factors’ complexity measurement of human‐based station of assembly line
Fan, G., Li, A., Zhao, Y., Moroni, G., & Xu, L. (2018) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.20738 · Cited by 18
“In the performance of human choice-making activities, Hyman (1953) holds that it is approximately a linear function of information entropy conveyed by the stimulus.”
BackgroundCentral tendency representation and exemplar matching in visual short-term memory
Dubé, C. (2019) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-019-00900-0 · Cited by 18
“Such a stimulus would normally be considered an oddball, and as in a typical oddball task one would predict slower RT on trials presenting this RDC direction (Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundAugmentative and Alternative Communication: The Future of Text on the Move
Johansen, A. S., & Hansen, J. P. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-36572-9_33 · Cited by 18
Macroscopic thermodynamics of reaction times
Martı́n, F. M. D. P. (2011) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2011.04.001 · Cited by 21
The Effectiveness of Situational Awareness Learning in Response to Video Tennis Match Situations
Caserta, R. J., & Singer, R. N. (2007) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200601184712 · Cited by 18
“As the Hick-Hyman law ( Hick, 1952 ; Hyman, 1953 ) describes, response speed delay increases linearly with response uncertainty due to the number of alternatives available.”
BackgroundAbad, A. G., Paynabar, K., & Jin, J. J. (2011) · Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4003793 · Cited by 18
Quantifying Motor Task Performance by Bounded Rational Decision Theory
Schach, S., Gottwald, S., & Braun, D. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00932 · Cited by 18
“This law can be considered as a special case of RT = a + bI(n), where I(n) is the Shannon information under arbitrary stimulus distributions (Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundCognitive functioning in sydenham's chorea: Part 1. attentional processes
Casey, B. J., Vauss, Y. C., & Swedo, S. E. (1994) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649409540569 · Cited by 18
Reaction time under stimulus uncertainty with response certainty.
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Conflict versus misguided search as explanation of S-R correspondence effects
Hommel, B. (1995) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(94)00011-5 · Cited by 18
Chronometric analysis: Clinical applications in aging and dementia
Mahurin, R. K., & Pirozzolo, F. J. (1986) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565648609540353 · Cited by 18
An Information Theory Analysis of Duration of Lifeguards' Scanning
Harrell, W. A., & Boisvert, J. A. (2003) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2003.97.1.129 · Cited by 18
Organizing the Asset Base for Product Derivation
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An expectancy model for memory search
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Stimulus Categorization and Response Time
Nickerson, R. S., & Feehrer, C. E. (1964) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1964.18.3.785 · Cited by 18
Kean, J. D., Downey, L. A., Sarris, J. J., Kaufman, J., Zangara, A., & Stough, C. K. K. (2022) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7372 · Cited by 22
“These two outcomes, DT and MT, also known as Hick's Law and Fitt's Law, describe the time taken to make a decision based on the number of choices a person has (DT) (Fitts, 1992), and the time it takes to move to their desired target based on the distance they have to travel (MT) (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOptimizing Radiation Use During Fluoroscopic Procedures: A Quality and Safety Improvement Project
Duncan, J. R., Street, M., Strother, M. C., & Picus, D. D. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2013.05.008 · Cited by 17
Constructing Expertise: Surmounting Performance Plateaus by Tasks, by Tools, and by Techniques
Gray, W. D., & Banerjee, S. (2021) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12575 · Cited by 17
The Entropy of a Rapid Aimed Movement: Fitts’ Index of Difficulty versus Shannon’s Entropy
Soukoreff, R. W., Zhao, J., & Ren, X. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23768-3_19 · Cited by 17
“experimenter’s, nor all knowing being’s understanding of the probability distribution that is important, it is the understanding possessed by the user, the experiment participant, or (in the case of the thought experiment) the data entry clerk, that affects their output (see Hyman [4], page 189).”
BackgroundBarrouillet, P., Corbin, L., Dagry, I., & Camos, V. (2014) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0787-y · Cited by 17
“Indeed, increasing the number of choice alternatives in a response selection task increases the time needed to select the appropriate response, a phenomenon referred to as the law of Hick and Hyman (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953) and typically attributed to increased response selection difficulty.”
BackgroundThe preparation of actions and parameters of action: A fixed or variable process?
Lee, T. D., Elliott, D., & Carnahan, H. (1987) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(87)90019-9 · Cited by 17
Peripheral Detection and Central Task Complexity
Bartz, A. E. (1976) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872087601800107 · Cited by 17
Monetary and Non-Monetary Incentives in Motor Performance
Daniels, E. B., Kobas, G. V., & Drury, C. G. (1976) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140137608931514 · Cited by 17
Longstreth versus Jensen and Vernon on reaction time and IQ: An outsider's view
Welford, A. T. (1986) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(86)90014-0 · Cited by 17
Parameter Precuing and Motor Preparation
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The Combination of Information from Different Sources
Davis, R. (1964) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470216408416389 · Cited by 17
Schvaneveldt, R. W., Reid, G. B., Gómez, R. L., & Rice, S. (1997) · doi:10.21236/ada387269 · Cited by 17
“Hyman (1953) showed that reaction time varies with the probability of events when either overall or sequential probability is manipulated.”
BackgroundTiming affect: Dimension-specific time-based expectancy for affect.
Thomaschke, R., Bogon, J., & Dreisbach, G. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000380 · Cited by 17
“For example for event expectancy, only a minority of studies induces expectancy by event frequency (e.g., Hon, Ong, Tan, & Yang, 2012; Hyman, 1953; LaBerge & Tweedy, 1964), whereas the most common approach is to induce expectancy trialwise by explicit cues indicating which event is most likely (e.”
BackgroundLarge, D. R., Pampel, S. M., Merriman, S. E., & Burnett, G. (2023) · IET Intelligent Transport Systems · doi:10.1049/itr2.12362 · Cited by 16
Predicting drivers' direction sign reading reaction time using an integrated cognitive architecture
Deng, C., Cao, S. C., Wu, C., & Lyu, N. (2018) · IET Intelligent Transport Systems · doi:10.1049/iet-its.2018.5160 · Cited by 16
Modeling the Interaction with Automated Vehicles in Road Bottleneck Scenarios
Rettenmaier, M., & Bengler, K. J. (2020) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181320641391 · Cited by 16
“Hick’s Law (Equation 2) describes how human decision time ( 𝑇 𝐻𝑖𝑐𝑘 ) depends on the visual stimulus’ information content (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundAge-related deficits in efficiency of low-level lateral inhibition
Schlaghecken, F., Birak, K. S., & Maylor, E. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00102 · Cited by 16
“Responses were expected to be substantially slower in the 4-alt than in the 2-alt task (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundKim, J., Lee, S. J., & Seong, P. H. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · doi:10.1109/tns.2003.814939 · Cited by 16
“[17] R. Hyman, “Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time,”J. Experimental Psychol., vol. 45, pp. 423–432, 1953.”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of Numerosity Range on Tactile and Visual Enumeration
Cohen, Z. Z., & Henik, A. (2015) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006615614662 · Cited by 16
“According to the Hick–Hyman Law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953), the reaction time is a result of the possible choices participants have (i.e. NR 1–5 has 5 possibilities whereas NR 1–10 has 10 possibilities).”
BackgroundInfluentialFundamentals of Driver Assistance
Eskandarian, A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-85729-085-4_19 · Cited by 16
Anastasopoulou, T., & Harvey, N. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/027249899391133 · Cited by 16
ON THE ACQUISITION AND MAINTENANCE OF HIGH SPEED AND HIGH ACCURACY IN A KEYBOARD TASK
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Dynamic Power Optimization Targeting User Delays in Interactive Systems
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“Unlike many other prediction problems, errors in user delay prediction may have very different effects on the system and the user.”
BackgroundHaving More Choices Changes How Human Observers Weight Stable Sensory Evidence
Itthipuripat, S., Cha, K., Deering, S., Salazar, A., & Serences, J. T. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0440-18.2018 · Cited by 14
“However, the speed of decision-making decreases as more choices are available, a phenomenon referred to as Hick’s Law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953; see also Roe et al., 2001; McMillen and Holmes, 2006; Bogacz et al., 2007; Niwa and Ditterich, 2008; Furman and Wang, 2008; Albantakis and Deco, 2009; Leite and Ratcliff, 2010…”
BackgroundThe roles of relevance and expectation for the control of attention in visual search.
Berggren, N., & Eimer, M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000666 · Cited by 15
“faster for expected-color targets, in line with findings from classic experimental work (Fitts et al., 1963; Hyman, 1953).”
ResultAn anti-Hick’s effect for exogenous, but not endogenous, saccadic eye movements
Lawrence, B. M. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2301-8 · Cited by 15
“Hick’s law states that reaction time (RT) increases linearly with a log2 increase in the number of response alternatives (RAs; Hick 1952; Hyman 1953).”
BackgroundExtended practice of reciprocal wrist and arm movements of varying difficulties
Boyle, J., Panzer, S., Wright, D. L., & Shea, C. H. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.03.006 · Cited by 15
Predictability influences stopping and response control.
Morein‐Zamir, S., Chua, R., Franks, I. M., Nagelkerke, P., & Kingstone, A. F. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.1.149 · Cited by 16
“This is in complete contrast to go RTs, for which extremely robust expectancy effects (also named relative frequency effects) have been repeatedly reported (e.g., Bertelson & Tisseyre, 1966; Dillon, 1966; Hawkins & Hosking, 1969; Hyman, 1953).”
ResultBetter Design of Menu Selection Systems Through Cognitive Psychology and Human Factors
Norman, K. L. (2008) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872008x288411 · Cited by 15
“Visual search is optimized in that the intact organization of the list facilitates user response time to the extent that it approximates a logarithmic function according to the Hick-Hyman law (Hick,1952; Hyman, 1953).”
MethodExamining users’ preferences towards vertical graphical toolbars in simple search and point tasks
Michalski, R. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.07.010 · Cited by 16
“Usually the cognitive components are modeled by means of the Hick–Hyman’s law (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953) and the visually controlled motor activities by the Fitts’s law (Fitts, 1954; Fitts & Peterson, 1964).”
Qiu, H., & Xiong, S. (2017) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2017.01.004 · Cited by 15
When Does One Decide How Heavy an Object Feels While Picking It Up?
Plaisier, M. A., Kuling, I. A., Brenner, E., & Smeets, J. B. J. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619837981 · Cited by 15
“For instance, choice reaction times increase linearly with the number of bits of information processed (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundNeural Comodulation of Independent Brain Processes Related to Multitasking
Do, T., Chuang, C., Hsiao, S.-J., Lin, C., & Wang, Y. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2019.2914242 · Cited by 15
“Many previous studies have reported that concurrently performing dual tasks leads to impaired performance [8], [9].”
BackgroundSequential effects on speeded information processing: A developmental study
Smulders, S. F. A., Notebaert, W., Meijer, M., Crone, E. A., van der Molen, M. W., & Soetens, E. L. L. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2004.10.003 · Cited by 17
“The aim of this study was to examine developmental change in cognitive Xexibility by looking at the dependency between trials in a standard choice RT task (e.g., Hyman, 1953; for reviews, see Kirby, 1980; Luce, 1986).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialApplications of Information Theory and Decision Theory to Human Perception and Reaction
Broadbent, D. E. (1965) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60168-5 · Cited by 16
The information hypothesis and non-repetitions
Hyman, R., & Umiltà, C. A. (1969) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(69)90037-7 · Cited by 15
Self-citationComputer program for quasi-random stimulus sequences with equal transition frequencies
Emerson, P. L., & Tobias, R. D. (1995) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03203627 · Cited by 15
“In experiments yielding data from long sequences of trials, sequence effects often are reported (Hyman, 1953; Kornblum, 1969, 1973; Lockhead & Hinson, 1986; Luce, Nosofsky, Green, & Smith, 1982; Nosofsky, 1983; Purks, Callahan, Braida, & Durlach, 1980; Ward & Lockhead, 1970), and it is likely that…”
BackgroundResponse Latency as a Function of Training Method, Information Level, Acquisition, and Overlearning.
Judd, W. A., & Glaser, R. A. (1969) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0020058 · Cited by 15
Mental arithmetic and the uncertainty effect in choice reaction time.
Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Staudnmayer, H. (1970) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029521 · Cited by 15
Compatibility of precuing and of S-R mapping in choice reactions
Hendrikx, A. J. P. (1986) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(86)90005-3 · Cited by 15
S-R compatibility and the relative frequency effect in choice reaction time.
Hawkins, H. L., & Underhill, J. R. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031813 · Cited by 15
Quantitative Analyse und Mechanismen der Bradykinesie bei Parkinsonpatienten
Schneider, P. T. (1968) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00244218 · Cited by 15
Die Hypothese begrenzter Kapazität und die Funktionen der Aufmerksamkeit
Neumann, O. (1985) · Lehr- und Forschungstexte Psychologie · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70747-6_6 · Cited by 15
Pictorial versus structural representations of ingroup and outgroup faces
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“Second, response latency is a cornerstone of cognitive research, because it can inform us about unobservable mental processes (eg, Henmon, 1911 ; Hyman, 1953 ).”
BackgroundIntermanual Interactions Related to Movement Amplitudes and Endpoint Locations
Heuer, H., & Klein, W. (2006) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.3200/jmbr.38.2.126-138 · Cited by 14
“The effect of the number of response alternatives on reaction time is well known (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953), and it was also evident in the present data.”
BackgroundAlberts, J. L., & Linder, S. M. (2015) · Kinesiology Review · doi:10.1123/kr.2014-0080 · Cited by 14
Exploring Game Space of Minimal Action Games via Parameter Tuning and Survival Analysis
Isaksen, A., Gopstein, D., Togelius, J., & Nealen, A. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Games · doi:10.1109/tciaig.2017.2750181 · Cited by 17
“The speed of the player’s reaction is influenced by factors inherent to the system [57], as well as factors affecting the player themselves [58].”
BackgroundKovacs, A. J., Miles, G. F., & Baweja, H. S. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports6040120 · Cited by 14
“During a SRT task, there is only one appropriate response to a known stimulus and, as such, the shortest RTs occur during this type of task [18,19].”
BackgroundIani, C., Ciardo, F., Panajoli, S., Lugli, L., & Rubichi, S. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01271-6 · Cited by 15
“Indeed, it is well demonstrated that reaction times vary inversely with stimulus frequency (e.g., Hyman, 1953).”
BackgroundCue validity effects in response preparation: A pupillometric study
Moresi, S., Adam, J. J., Rijcken, J. M., & Gerven, P. W. M. V. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.026 · Cited by 14
“Since RTs in 2-choice tasks are substantially shorter than RTs in 4-choice tasks (Hick, 1952; Hyman, 1953), cue effectiveness is inferred from a significant RT advantage or benefit (in case of valid cues) for the 2-choice “cued” conditions (i.e., hand-, finger-, and neither-cued) over the control,…”
BackgroundThe Antisaccade Task: Visual Distractors Elicit a Location-Independent Planning ‘Cost’
DeSimone, J. C., Everling, S., & Heath, M. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122345 · Cited by 14
Reaction time in ankle movements: a diffusion model analysis
Michmizos, K. P., & Krebs, H. I. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-4032-8 · Cited by 15
“The second goal was to determine whether the slope and intercept of the Hick-Hyman law changed systematically between DP and IE.”
InfluentialRoberts, R. D., & Pallier, G. (2001) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221300109598913 · Cited by 15
Jahanshahi, M. (2003) · Handbook of clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-4231(09)70163-7 · Cited by 17
Capture and Analysis of Data from Image-guided Procedures
Beta, E., Parikh, A., Street, M., & Duncan, J. R. (2009) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.03.012 · Cited by 14
Human Performance and Control of Multiple Systems
Murray, S. A., & Caldwell, B. S. (1996) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872089606380212 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Hyman, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hyman, Ray
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1953
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 188-196
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014448832
- Cited by
- 1,443
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 6.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- reaction time, stimulus information, number of alternatives, differential response, information theory, stimulus probability, reaction time (psychology)
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Learning, Reaction Time
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