Integration of symptom ratings from multiple informants in ADHD diagnosis: A psychometric model with clinical utility.
Open accessAbstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-Fifth Edition explicitly requires that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms should be apparent across settings, taking into account reports from multiple informants. Yet, it provides no guidelines how information from different raters should be combined in ADHD diagnosis. We examined the validity of different approaches using structural equation modeling (SEM) for multiple-informant data. Participants were 725 children, 6 to 17 years old, and their primary caregivers and teachers, recruited from the community and completing a thorough research-based diagnostic assessment, including a clinician-administered diagnostic interview, parent and teacher standardized rating scales, and cognitive testing. A best-estimate ADHD diagnosis was generated by a diagnostic team. An SEM model demonstrated convergent validity among raters. We found relatively weak symptom-specific agreement among raters, suggesting that a general average scoring algorithm is preferable to symptom-specific scoring algorithms such as the "or" and "and" algorithms. Finally, to illustrate the validity of this approach, we show that averaging makes it possible to reduce the number of items from 18 items to 8 items without a significant decrease in validity. In conclusion, information from multiple raters increases the validity of ADHD diagnosis, and averaging appears to be the optimal way to integrate information from multiple raters.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Information from multiple raters increases the validity of ADHD diagnosis.
“For children and adolescents, we also considered teachers' ratings as a primary efficacy outcome because they provide a complementary view to clinicians' ratings, and information from multiple raters increases the validity of ADHD diagnosis.34”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116 · see citing works
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64 · Cited by 4,734 · see citing works
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 · Cited by 3,568 · see citing works
Self-citationExecutive functions and developmental psychopathology.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x · Cited by 3,150 · see citing works
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System
Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t15082-000 · Cited by 2,683 · see citing works
De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.483 · Cited by 2,548 · see citing works
Working Memory Capacity as Executive Attention
Engle, R. W. (2002) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00160 · Cited by 2,507 · see citing works
“Clinical versus Actuarial Judgment.”
Dawes, R. M., Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2648573 · Cited by 2,298 · see citing works
Connelly, B. S., & Ones, D. S. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021212 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.11.1673 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.005 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Pelham, Jr., Fabiano, G. A., & Massetti, G. M. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_5 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Froehlich, T. E., Lanphear, B., Epstein, J. N., Barbaresi, W., Katusic, S., & Kahn, R. (2007) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.9.857 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
KRAEMER, H. C., Measelle, J. R., Ablow, J. C., Essex, M. J., Boyce, W. T., & Kupfer, D. J. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1566 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Cornblatt, B. A., Risch, N. J., Faris, G., Friedman, D., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1988) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90076-5 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia
Endicott, J., & Spitzer, R. L. (1978) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t07870-000 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
NIGG, J. T., & CASEY, B. J. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050376 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Self-citationBarkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Analysis of the multitrait-multimethod matrix by confirmatory factor analysis.
Kenny, D. A., & Kashy, D. A. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.165 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Aggregating Data from Multiple Informants in Child Psychiatry Epidemiological Research
Bird, H., Gould, M. S., & STAGHEZZA, B. M. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199201000-00012 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Sonuga-Barke, E., Bitsakou, P., & Thompson, M. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.12.018 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Piacentini, J. C., Cohen, P. R., & Cohen, J. (1992) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00927116 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
What causes ADHD?: understanding what goes wrong and why
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-1816 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Adler, L. A., Barkley, R. A., Chatterji, S., Faraone, S. V., Finkelman, M., Greenhill, L. L., Gruber, M. J., Jewell, M., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.146 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Temporal information processing in ADHD: Findings to date and new methods
Toplak, M. E., Dockstader, C., & Tannock, R. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.09.018 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Linking Informant Discrepancies to Observed Variations in Young Children’s Disruptive Behavior
Reyes, A. D. L., Henry, D. B., Tolan, P. H., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9307-3 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
McCartney, K., Burchinal, M., & Bub, K. L. (2006) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2006.07103001.x · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Optimal informants on childhood disruptive behaviors
Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Lahey, B. B., & Stouthamer‐Loeber, M. (1989) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940000050x · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Martinussen, R., & Tannock, R. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390500205700 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Assessment of the Continuous Performance Test: Reliability and validity in a nonreferred sample.
Halperin, J. M., Sharma, V., Greenblatt, E. R., & Schwartz, S. T. (1991) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.3.4.603 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Dirks, M. A., Reyes, A. D. L., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Cella, D. F., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02537.x · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Achenbach, T. M. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.533416 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Reyes, A. D. L. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000096 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Marcus, D. K., & Barry, T. D. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021405 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Valo, S., & Tannock, R. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.517172 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Toplak, M. E., Pitch, A., Flora, D. B., Iwenofu, L., Ghelani, K., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9336-y · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Holmbeck, G. N., Thill, A. D. W., Bachanas, P. J., Garber, J., Miller, K. B., Abad, M., Bruno, E. F., Carter, J. S., David-Ferdon, C. F., Jandasek, B. N., et al. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm059 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Nikolas, M. A., & Nigg, J. T. (2012) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0030685 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationRevisiting the latent structure of ADHD: is there a ‘g’ factor?
Martel, M. M., von Eye, A., & Nigg, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02232.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationReyes, A. D. L., Youngstrom, E. A., Pabón, S. C., Youngstrom, J. K., Feeny, N. C., & Findling, R. L. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.533402 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Australian Parent and Teacher Ratings of the DSM-IV ADHD Symptoms
Gomez, R. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054706295665 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The validity of well-being measures: A multiple-indicator–multiple-rater model.
Zou, C., Schimmack, U., & Gere, J. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0033902 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationItem Response Theory Analyses of the Parent and Teacher Ratings of the DSM-IV ADHD Rating Scale
Gomez, R. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9218-8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
What multi‐method data tell us about construct validity
Schimmack, U. (2010) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.771 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationDirks, M. A., Boyle, M. H., & Georgiades, K. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.533403 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Voigt, R. G., Llorente, A. M., Jensen, C. L., Fraley, J. K., Barbaresi, W. J., & Heird, W. C. (2007) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922806299100 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Reliability of DSM-IV Symptom Ratings of ADHD
Solanto, M. V., & Alvir, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708322994 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gomez, R., Vance, A. L. A., & Gomez, A. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709356404 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- DuPaul GJ Power TJ Anastopolous AD Reid R 1998 ADHD Rating Scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation New York Guilford Press
- Kline RB 2011 Principles and practice of structural equation modelling 3rd New York Guilford Press
- Logan GD 1994 A user's guide to the stop signal paradigm Dagenbach D Carr TH Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory, and Language 189 239 San Diego Academic Press
- McCartney K Burchinal MR Bub KL 2006 Best practices in quantitative methods for developmentalists Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 71 3 17199773
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cortese, S., Adamo, N., Del Giovane, C., Mohr-Jensen, C., Hayes, A. J., Carucci, S., Atkinson, L. Z., Tessari, L., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30269-4 · Cited by 1,402 · see citing works
ADHD in Children and Adults: Diagnosis and Prognosis
Leffa, D. T., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_329 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Marshall, P., Hoelzle, J., & Nikolas, M. (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2019.1696409 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationA meta-analysis of the association between birth weight and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Momany, A. M., Kamradt, J. M., & Nikolas, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0371-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Similarly, previous work has indicated the validity of ADHD symptom ratings varies by the informant used (e.g., parent, teacher, self; Erhardt et al. 1999; Martel et al. 2015; Powe et al. 1998; Van Voorhees et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Validation Crisis in Psychology
Schimmack, U. (2021) · Meta-Psychology · doi:10.15626/mp.2019.1645 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationAlbaugh, M. D., Orr, C., Chaarani, B., Althoff, R. R., Allgaier, N., D’Alberto, N., Hudson, K., Mackey, S., Spechler, P. A., Banaschewski, T., et al. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Averaging multi-informant ratings of ADHD symptomatology has been found by others to be the optimal method for integrating multi-informant data (25).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialParent-based diagnosis of ADHD is as accurate as a teacher-based diagnosis of ADHD
Bied, A., Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. (2017) · Postgraduate medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2017.1288064 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Minder, F., Zuberer, A., Brandeis, D., & Drechsler, R. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1116-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“On the ADHD symptom level, interrater agreement between parents and teachers is generally low to at best moderate [7] and lower for inattention symptoms than for hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms [8].”
BackgroundUllsperger, J. M., Nigg, J. T., & Nikolas, M. A. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9982-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The final sum score for parent and teacher ratings of symptom dimensions were retained and a mean composite was computed for all subsequent analyses, based on recent work suggesting enhanced validity of average ratings (Martel et al. 2015).”
MethodSelf-citationCounty-level prevalence estimates of ADHD in children in the United States
Zgodic, A., McLain, A. C., Eberth, J. M., Federico, A., Bradshaw, J. L., & Flory, K. (2023) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.01.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Söderlund, G. B. W., & Jobs, E. N. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00034 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Sensory and perceptual dysfunctions have also been noticed.”
BackgroundWiggs, K. K., Elmore, A. L., Nigg, J. T., & Nikolas, M. A. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0142-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…were averaged across informant for each symptom dimension (e.g., inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, ODD, and CD), based on recent work indicating that average composite scores best predicted ADHD diagnosis when compared to other methods of combining across informants (Martel et al. 2015).”
ResultSelf-citationRuisch, I. H., Buitelaar, J. K., Glennon, J. C., Hoekstra, P. J., & Dietrich, A. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.020 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Eaton, C. B., Roarty, K., Doval, N., Shetty, S., Goodall, K., & Rhodes, S. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231177466 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The importance of using multiple informants has been emphasized when assessing ADHD symptoms (Martel et al., 2015) and is part of the DSM-V diagnostic criteria for ADHD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).”
BackgroundMartel, M. M., Eng, A. G., Bansal, P. S., Smith, T. E., Elkins, A. R., & Goh, P. K. (2021) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000994 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationTarle, S. J., Alderson, R. M., Patros, C. H. G., Arrington, E. F., & Roberts, D. K. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1519068 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…teacher ratings to create a single variable is relatively common in ADHD research due to its ability to capture multi-rater/informant information (Martel et al., 2015, Rodriguez and Bohlin, 2005, Swanson et al., 2001), a potential limitation of the procedure is that it may introduce increased…”
BackgroundMartel, M. M., Nigg, J. T., & Schimmack, U. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116646443 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSex moderates the impact of birth weight on child externalizing psychopathology.
Momany, A. M., Kamradt, J. M., Ullsperger, J. M., Elmore, A. L., Nigg, J. T., & Nikolas, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000238 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationGarcia-Rosales, A., Vitoratou, S., Faraone, S., Rudaizky, D., Banaschewski, T., Asherson, P., Sonuga-Barke, E., Buitelaar, J., Oades, R., Rothenberger, A., et al. (2020) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01509-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kamradt, J. M., Nigg, J. T., Friderici, K. H., & Nikolas, M. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000195 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationBetancourt, J. L., Alderson, R. M., Roberts, D. K., & Bullard, C. C. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102394 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gosling, C. J., Caparos, S., Pinabiaux, C., Schwarzer, G., Rücker, G., Agha, S. S., Alrouh, H., Ambler, A. P., Anderson, P. J., Andiarena, A., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00272-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sellers, R., Harold, G. T., Thapar, A., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ganiban, J. M., Reiss, D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., & Leve, L. D. (2020) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-020-10006-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Contributions of Friends’ Problem Behaviors to Friendship Quality in a Sample of Children with ADHD
Normand, S., Miller, N. V., & Mikami, A. Y. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.1941056 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Second, some scholars have recommended averaging across raters when integrating information from multiple informants (Martel et al., 2015).”
BackgroundChange in Adolescents’ Perceived ADHD Symptoms Across 17 Days of Ecological Momentary Assessment
Kennedy, T. M., Molina, B. S. G., & Pedersen, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2096043 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In fact, the notion that youth and other reporters contribute incremental and complementary information rather than opposing information about their behavior has been demonstrated for ADHD (Martel et al., 2015) and other disorders (e.g., anxiety, Makol et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEvidence-Based Assessment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Eng, A. G., Bansal, P. S., Goh, P. K., Nirjar, U., Petersen, M., & Martel, M. M. (2023) · Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) · doi:10.1177/10731911221149957 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…should be averaged when assessing children (i.e., ages 6 and 12), as this approach outperformed an OR or AND algorithm approach to integration (Martel et al., 2015; Martel, Markon, & Smith, 2017) in predicting longitudinal outcomes such as social skills and academic performance (Martel, Eng…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSlow drift rate predicts ADHD symptomology over and above executive dysfunction
Feldman, J. S., & Huang‐Pollock, C. L. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1902490 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Second, combining parent and teacher ratings created indicators that represented behavior in multiple environments (Martel et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGosling, C. J., Cortese, S., Konofal, É., Lecendreux, M., & Faraone, S. V. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.05.013 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Guo, N., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Koerts, J., Mueller, B. W., Mette, C., Tucha, L., Scherbaum, N., & Tucha, O. M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13084564 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This must not be confused with the conclusion that informant reports are of no added value to the clinical evaluation of adult ADHD, as it has been repeatedly demonstrated that ratings from multiple informants on symptoms and impairments increase the accuracy of clinical evaluations [91,93].”
BackgroundIshibashi, S., Nishiyama, T., Makino, T., Suzuki, F., Shimada, S., Tomari, S., Imanari, E., Higashi, T., Fukumoto, S., Kurata, S., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.2015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…using predictive ratings alone of parent ‐ and teacher ‐ ratings had the most predictive performance, compared to other integration methods, such as the “AND” rule, the “OR” rule and the averaging method examined previously (Martel et al., 2021; Martel et al., 2015; Shemmassian & Lee, 2012).”
MethodChen, Y.-C., Gui, Z., Bao, W.-W., Liang, J.-H., Zhang, S.-X., Zhao, Y. X., Jiang, N., & Chen, Y. (2022) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2022.12.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Internet Gaming Disorder and Gambling Disorder: A Comparison of Individual Psychological Factors
Bélanger-Lejars, V. (2015) · Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science · doi:10.15640/jpbs.v3n2a12 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sawaya, H., Miller, J. C., & Raines, J. (2023) · Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) · doi:10.1177/10731911231159933 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Martel et al. (2015) aimed to determine whether any individual informant (mother, father, or teacher) is sufficient for an accurate diagnosis of ADHD.”
BackgroundThe ventromedial prefrontal cortex: a putative locus for trait inattention
Albaugh, M. D., & Potter, A. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0193-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kaur, S., Morales‐Hidalgo, P., Voltas, N., & Canals, J. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3138 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Teachers provided a valuable insight into the detection of dysregulated behavior and autistic symptoms in children since they have a great opportunity to observe children ’ s social interaction differentiating the behavior from their peers (Deckers et al., 2020; Martel et al., 2015).”
BackgroundJoseph, H. M., Wilson, M. A., Diaz, J., Salisbury, A. L., Lorenzi-Quigley, L., Vecchiarelli, J., Coughlin, C., Iverson, J. M., & Molina, B. S. G. (2025) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102066 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fioravante, I., Lozano-Lozano, J. A., & Martella, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.946273 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Nor does the recent fifth edition of the DSM offer this possibility, due to a lack of empirical data that would allow for the integration of all mechanisms that figure into a diagnosis (Martel et al., 2015).”
Spang, K., Hagstrøm, J., Ellersgaard, D., Christiani, C., Hemager, N., Burton, B., Greve, A., Rohr, K., Gantriis, D., Vangkilde, S., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12382 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ando, A. M. C., Pignolo, C., Viglione, D. J., Zennaro, A., Cristofanelli, S., & Ferro, L. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01359-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
da Rocha, M. M., Ribeiro, A. D. F., Marino, R. L. D. F., Cantiere, C. N., Teixeira, M. C. T. V., Schwartzman, J. S., & Carreiro, L. R. R. (2017) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2017.4.25859 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Pela importância dessa estratégia de avaliação, Martel et al. (2015) propuseram a validação clínica de um modelo psicométrico de Psico (Porto Alegre), 2017; 48(4), 295-305 avaliação com uso de múltiplos informantes para rastreamento de sinais de TDAH.”
BackgroundDolan, C. V., de Zeeuw, E. D., Zayats, T., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., & Boomsma, D. (2020) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-020-10002-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Singh, S., Thakur, R., Kumar, K., & Dogra, A. (2024) · The Open Neuroimaging Journal · doi:10.2174/0118744400326671241002074115 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
ADHD Reporting in Developmental Age: The Role of the Informants
Esposito, D., Gigliotti, F., Colotti, B., Brina, C. D., Pisani, F., & Romani, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12070914 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Research indicates that both parents and teachers exhibit a moderate to good diagnostic accuracy for ADHD, with no significant differences in their predictive ability for a gold-standard ADHD diagnosis [22,23].”
Development of a Short Version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV.es (sADHD-RS-IV.es)
Vallejo-Valdivielso, M., de Castro‐Manglano, P., Vidal-Adroher, C., Díez‐Suárez, A., & Soutullo, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241232314 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These data are like the ones reported in previous studies (Döpfner et al., 2006; Martel et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2005) and to the 18-item ADHD-RS-IV.es revealing good to excellent internal consistency of this ADHD-RS-IV with clinical (ADHD) and nonclinical samples.”
ResultGrossman, E., & Berger, I. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54834-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Studies show that computerized tests can correctly identify children with and without ADHD 7,33 .”
BackgroundZumbach, J., Rademacher, A., Koglin, U., Bender, D., & Lösel, F. A. (2024) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-024-03297-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Placebo-related improvement with methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD
Vertessen, K., Oosterlaan, J., Bet, P., Bottelier, M., Stoffelsen, R., Swanson, J. M., Wisse, A., Twisk, J., & Luman, M. (2024) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02550-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Our finding that only parents reported significant improvement in ADHD symptoms with placebo treatment, while teachers did not, aligns with the literature showing low agreement between parent and teacher reports of ADHD symptoms [6, 26–28].”
Singh, S., Thakur, R., Kumar, K., & Dogra, A. (2024) · The Open Neuroimaging Journal · doi:10.2174/0118744400328538240913073952 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Multi-method ADHD diagnostics in children: CBCL and TRF lead the way
Himmelmeier, L., Waltereit, R., & Werheid, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1668149 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Future Directions for Work on Refinement of ADHD Assessment in Young Adults
Martel, M. M., Schimmack, U., & Nigg, J. T. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116687392
“…is in contrast to a similar article we did on integration of multiple informants in diagnosis of childhood ADHD in which we advocated a specific averaging approach to multiple informant integration (based on a different pattern of results; see Martel et al., 2015; Martel, Markon, & Smith, 2017).”
ResultSelf-citationA Practical Guide for Designing and Conducting Cognitive Studies in Child Psychopathology
Huang‐Pollock, C. L., Shapiro, Z. R., Galloway-Long, H., & Feldman, J. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316995808.013
Experimental and Biological Approaches
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316995808.011
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Pearson, G. S., & Leung, C. Y. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119487593.ch10
Validity Indices for Interpreting Informant Discrepancies in ADHD Assessment
Conijn, J. M., Chen, M., van Ewijk, H., & van der Ark, L. A. (2023) · Methodology of educational measurement and assessment · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10370-4_18
Cognitive functions of adults with ADHD
Guo, N. (2023) · doi:10.33612/diss.702628729
Carvalho, L. R. B. D. A. (2023) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2023.tde-04082023-161602 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Teacher Internalization of the Model Minority Myth & ADHD Underdiagnosis in Asian American Students
Ding, R. (2025) · Scholarly review . · doi:10.70121/001c.143050
Ibe, B. C., Aly, A., Al-Juboori, S., Ifeachor, E., & Shankar, R. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/99551
“The interrater reliability of ADHD diagnosis is moderate to substantial, which demonstrates a variation in clinical judgment [7].”
- Authors
- Martel, M. M., Schimmack, U., Nikolas, M., & Nigg, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1060-1071
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- PMC
- PMC4549180
- OpenAlex
- W2315242396
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 4.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH070004-01A2)
- Sponsor name not included (K12 DA 035150)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD diagnosis, multiple informants, rater agreement, symptom rating, convergent validity, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, parent and teacher ratings, children
- MeSH terms
- School Teachers, Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Learning Disabilities, Male, Models, Theoretical, Neuropsychological Tests, Parents, Psychometrics, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
