A meta-analysis of the association between birth weight and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
A large body of work has investigated the association between birth weight and ADHD and has resulted in mixed findings with regard to the direction and magnitude of this association. Despite the vast amount of research on this topic, a comprehensive and systematic quantification of the association between birth weight and ADHD has yet to be undertaken. A meta-analysis of 88 unique studies (N = 4,645,482) was conducted to quantify the overall effect size of birth weight on ADHD symptoms. Several variables were examined as moderators that may contribute to systematic variation in effect sizes. Overall, birth weight was found to have a small, but significant, association with ADHD symptoms such that individuals born at lower birth weights manifested greater symptoms of ADHD (r = −0.15). Sample type, mean birth weight of the sample, geographic region, the informant of ADHD symptoms, ADHD symptom measurement method, and race were all found to contribute significantly to heterogeneity in effect sizes. Notably, several early life risk factors previously found to be associated with both ADHD and birth weight, gestational age and prenatal smoking exposure, were not found to contribute to heterogeneity in effect sizes. The findings of the current analyses align with the growing recognition that early life adversity contributes to neurodevelopmental difficulties, and the findings highlight the importance of a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the association between early life risk factors and adverse neurodevelopmental sequela, such as that observed in ADHD.
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Low birth weight has a small-to-moderate correlation with ADHD.
“Another meta-analysis, combining 85 studies with a total of over 4.6 million births, found a small-to-moderate correlation between low birth weight and ADHD (Momany et al., 2018).”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Momany et al., 2018
The Results (Birth Weight and ADHD; page unavailable) report that 85 unadjusted studies found a significant association between lower birth weight and increased ADHD symptoms, but describe the correlation (r = −.14) as small, not small-to-moderate. The Methods (Sample of Studies; page unavailable) give the figure of 4,645,482 participants for the full meta-analysis of 94 effect sizes, not specifically for the 85-study analysis. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA further narrative review identified additional high-risk groups for ADHD, including people with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, extremely low birth weight, eating disorders such as binge eating disorder, sleep disorders, or problem gambling.
“A further narrative review identified additional groups, for example, people with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (Lange et al., 2018), extremely low birth weight (Momany et al., 2018), eating disorders such as binge eating disorder (Wentz et al., 2005; Yates et al., 2009), sleep disorders (Cortese et al., 2009; Sedky et al., 2014), or problem gambling (Dowling et al., 2015).”
From The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2023) · cites this paper as Momany et al., 2018
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- Authors
- Momany, A. M., Kamradt, J. M., & Nikolas, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Momany, Allison M.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2017-11-21
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1409-1426
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC5962386
- OpenAlex
- W2768592656
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a5cd6fd3466b217e858de8a2a37681413c565d0
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 0.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32 GM108540)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- birth weight, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD symptoms, childhood adversity, effect size heterogeneity, maternal smoking, gestational age, informant effects
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Birth Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Young Adult
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