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Cited by 30Mental Health and Patient InvolvementPsychiatric care and mental health servicesSchizophrenia research and treatment

Getting by, getting back, and getting on: matching mental health services to consumers' recovery goals

Open access
Yarborough, Bobbi Jo H., Yarborough, Micah T., Janoff, Shannon L., Green, Carla A.·2016·Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal
DOI 10.1037/prj0000160PMC PMC4809796
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to better understand mental health recovery from the point of view of mental health consumers to identify opportunities for practice improvements that closely align services with consumer goals and consumer-preferred outcomes. METHOD: As part of an exploratory study of recovery, semistructured interviews were conducted with 177 integrated health plan members diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or affective psychosis. Transcripts of in-depth interviews were coded using Atlas.ti, and definitions of recovery were further subcoded. A qualitative analysis using a modified grounded theory approach and constant comparative method identified common themes and less common but potentially important recovery-related experiences and perspectives. RESULTS: Three primary and 2 cross-cutting themes emerged. "Getting by" meant coping and meeting basic needs. "Getting back" meant learning to live with mental illness. "Getting on" meant living a life where mental illness was no longer prominent. Regaining control and recouping losses were cross-cutting themes. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Mental health recovery is complex and dynamic; individuals' recovery goals can be expected to change over time. Person-centered care must accommodate changing consumer priorities, services must be flexible and responsive, and outcomes need to match consumers' objectives. Clinicians can assist in (a) identifying recovery goals, (b) monitoring progress toward and recognizing movement away from goals, (c) tailoring support to different phases/stages, and (d) supporting transitions between phases/stages. (PsycINFO Database Record

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This qualitative study of 177 integrated health plan members with serious mental illness identified three recovery themes—"getting by," "getting back," and "getting on"—plus cross-cutting themes of regaining control and recouping losses. The authors argue that recovery is dynamic and non-linear, so services and outcome measures should be matched to consumers’ changing recovery goals.

Key findings

  • Participants defined recovery in three primary ways: “getting by” (coping and meeting basic needs), “getting back” (learning to live with mental illness and returning to prior functioning/normalcy), and “getting on” (living a life where mental illness is no longer prominent).
  • Two cross-cutting themes were regaining a sense of self-control and recouping losses (identity, relationships, work, self-esteem).
  • Recovery definitions overlapped and movement across themes was non-linear; people could move back and forth, sometimes experiencing features of multiple phases at once.
  • Among those completing the 24-month follow-up interview, 161 (96%) provided a codeable recovery definition.

Methods

  • Qualitative analysis within the mixed-methods, longitudinal Study of Transitions and Recovery Strategies (STARS); participants were 177 integrated health plan members diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or affective psychosis.
  • Semi-structured interviews were conducted at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months; the reported analyses used 24-month interview responses to an explicit question about what recovery meant to participants.
  • Transcripts were coded in Atlas.ti using a modified grounded theory approach and constant comparative method; check coding agreement was 80.9% at baseline, 87.3% at first follow-up, and 88.8% at second follow-up, with member checks and investigator triangulation.

Limitations

  • The paper states the sample came from an integrated health plan and differed from public-sector samples: participants were more likely to be married and have higher education and income, though 25% received disability payments.
  • The paper states the sample was 94% white and non-Hispanic, and that conceptualizations of recovery are likely to differ across cultures.
  • Evident from the text: findings are qualitative and based on a single health plan in Oregon and Washington State, so transferability to other service settings and populations is limited.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/prj0000160

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 32 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Two cross-cutting themes were regaining control and recouping losses.

    “Regaining control and recouping losses were cross-cutting themes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.
  • Findingown data

    Participants who framed recovery as 'getting on' usually reported that their symptoms had lessened or improved.

    “Among individuals who defined recovery as ‘getting on’ with life, symptoms were typically described as improved or reduced.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.
  • Findingown data

    Consistent with Davidson et al. (2010), the authors found a much more complex process, with people moving back and forth, sometimes experiencing features of multiple phases at once.

    “Consistent with Davidson et al. (2010), we found a much more complex process, with people moving back and forth, sometimes experiencing features of multiple phases at once.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Davidson et al. (2010)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    Those in the 'getting back' group often listed everyday aims and duties, including improved family and friend relations, keeping a job, community involvement, and returning to hobbies.

    “These individuals tended to describe lists of daily goals, responsibilities, and tasks, such as getting along better with family and friends, maintaining employment, getting out in the community, and re-engaging in hobbies and interests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.
  • Findingown data

    A need to feel in control was common across the recovery themes.

    “These recovery themes shared in common a need for a sense of self-control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 22
  • May combine two claims. 30

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Three primary themes and two cross-cutting themes emerged from the analysis.

    “Three primary and two cross-cutting themes emerged.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “Five overarching and interwoven themes emerged from our analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The 'getting back' theme described recovery as learning to live with mental illness.

    ““Getting back” meant learning to live with mental illness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    The 'getting by' theme described recovery as coping and meeting basic needs.

    ““Getting by” meant coping and meeting basic needs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    The 'getting on' theme framed recovery as a life in which mental illness had ceased to be prominent.

    ““Getting on” meant living a life where mental illness was no longer prominent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Over time, an illness identity was either adopted or imposed on participants, and they spent substantial energy managing the illness.

    “Over time, an illness identity was either adopted or imposed, and then substantial energy was spent managing the illness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the 'getting on' group, mental illness and its management were viewed as unimportant, and people said their conditions were under control.

    “For those “getting on,” mental illness and illness management were seen as insignificant, and individuals described their illnesses as “in control.””
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Some participants reported cycling on and off medication repeatedly before they concluded that medication helped, and sometimes was necessary, for getting back.

    “Some individuals described going on and off their medications multiple times before realizing that medications were beneficial, if not essential, to “getting back.””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants' definitions of recovery as regaining losses varied: some meant redefining a new self, some repairing old relationships, and others building new ones.

    “For some it meant redefining a new self, for others it meant repairing old relationships, for still others it meant needing to move on to build new ones.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most participants endorsed recovery and saw it as arriving at a stage of moving forward with life, with illness and symptoms no longer central to who they were or a main drain on their resources.

    “A majority of participants believed in recovery and conceived of it as reaching a point where they could get on with their lives, where illness and symptoms were no longer the dominant aspect of their identity, or a primary strain on their resources.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    'Getting by' was characterized by coping and persisting; narratives focused on living with mental illnesses, in which intrusive fear profoundly and negatively affected basic lives and self-care.

    ““Getting by” was characterized by coping and persisting; narratives focused on experiences of living with mental illnesses, in which intrusive fear profoundly and negatively affected basic lives and self-care.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The themes were clear across study participants and mapped well to previously documented phase or stage models of recovery, but they did not sort neatly into single, mutually exclusive categories.

    “Although these themes were clear across study participants, and mapped well to previously documented phase or stage models of recovery (Andresen et al., 2003; Davidson, Roe, et al., 2010; Townsend et al., 1999), they did not sort neatly into single, mutually exclusive, categories.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Andresen et al., 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Davidson, Roe, et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Townsend et al., 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The 'getting back' group gained control by learning from and surviving illness episodes, emerging from them, and gradually identifying their own triggers and vulnerabilities.

    “Those “getting back” found control through learning from and enduring episodes of illness, coming out on the other side, and being able, over time, to recognize personal triggers and vulnerabilities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Many participants defined recovery as regaining what had been lost, though this definition varied across participants.

    “Recovery was defined by many as the process of regaining what had been lost, though this differed across participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The 'getting back' accounts emphasized the journey toward recovery, whereas the 'getting on' accounts emphasized the desired end point of moving forward.

    “Where descriptions of “getting back” focused on the process of moving toward recovery, descriptions of “getting on” focused on the intended outcome of that process—moving forward.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Recovery means different things to different people and different things to the same person over time.

    “Our findings suggest that clinicians should encourage and instill hope for recovery, while understanding that recovery will mean different things to different people and different things to the same person over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Recovery definitions overlapped significantly, so that while there appeared to be a progression of phases, movement through these phases was non-linear.

    “Rather, recovery definitions overlapped significantly, so that while there appeared to be a progression of phases, movement through these phases was non-linear.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Many participants saw recovery as returning to their pre-illness state, while others compared it to feeling normal in the way someone without mental illness would.

    “Many individuals defined recovery as getting back to the way they were before they experienced mental health problems, while others likened it to feeling back to “normal” —like someone without a mental illness must feel.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In the 'getting back' group, control was measured by milestones reached on the path toward feeling normal again.

    “Control was then defined in terms of benchmarks met as they made their way back to a sense of personal normalcy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Managing illness sometimes involved difficulty managing others' perceptions while also managing one's own personal sense of identity.

    “This sometimes included, with difficulty, managing others’ perceptions while at the same time managing their own personal sense of identity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For the 'getting by' group, recovery involved coping effectively and obtaining relief from paranoia or ongoing intense fear.

    “recovery meant effective coping that offered relief from paranoia or persistent and unrelenting fear”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the 'getting on' group, recovery involved feeling content with one's emotional state and believing that important others could observe one's symptom management.

    “Recovery for individuals who described “moving on” meant reaching a point where they felt satisfied with how they were feeling, and felt significant others could see evidence of their ability to manage their symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For the 'getting by' group, that control was described as lower personal distress and a stronger capacity to handle basic needs.

    “This sense of control was described as experiencing less subjective distress and greater ability to meet basic needs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The majority of participants in the sample were white (94%) and non-Hispanic.

    “the majority of participants in our sample were white (94%) and non-Hispanic”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Recovery is dynamic and consumers' goals change over time.

    “Moreover, recovery is dynamic and consumers’ goals change over time, therefore care must be dynamic, outcomes measures responsive to changing consumer priorities, and services accommodating and flexible (Green et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Green et al., 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Study participants were more likely to be married and to have higher education and income levels than those in public settings.

    “Our study participants were more likely to be married and to have higher education and income levels than those in public settings”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Coder agreement checks covered 10% of baseline interviews and yielded 80.9% agreement, rising to 87.3% at the first follow-up and 88.8% at the second.

    “check coding was completed on 10% of baseline interviews producing 80.9% agreement; agreement increased to 87.3% at the first follow-up interview and to 88.8% at the second follow-up interview.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    KPNW's Institutional Review Board and Research Subjects Protection Office approved and monitored the study.

    “The study was approved and monitored by KPNW’s Institutional Review Board and Research Subjects Protection Office.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Written informed consent was obtained from participants before they took part.

    “participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    After each wave, member checks were conducted with a consumer advisory board that included participants and consumer advocates.

    “We also completed member checks (Lincoln & Guba, 1985) with a consumer advisory board that included study participants and consumer advocates, following each wave of interviews and analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lincoln & Guba, 1985

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recovery measures used in clinical settings usually target diagnosis-related symptoms and often fail to capture consumer-centered recovery processes or outcomes well.

    “clinical measures of recovery tend to focus on symptoms relevant to diagnosis, and do not always adequately evaluate consumer-centered recovery processes or outcomes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Andresen, Caputi, & Oades, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Crawford et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gordon, Ellis, Siegert, & Walkey, 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior work distinguishes clinical recovery, centered on reducing symptoms, from personal recovery, a personal process that may not require symptom reduction or service use.

    “distinctions have been made between clinical and personal recovery”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Anthony, 1993

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Slade, Williams, Bird, Leamy, & LeBoutillier, 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lieberman et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Mental health recovery is complex and dynamic.

    “Mental health recovery is complex and dynamic; individuals’ recovery goals can be expected to change over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The recovery definitions and goals expressed by this sample of integrated health plan members are relevant to mental health consumers and practice settings beyond the study sample.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Individuals who are 'getting by' might benefit from connections to non-traditional services, including peer providers who serve as role models, inspire hope, and support self-directed care.

    “Individuals who are “getting by” might also benefit from connections to non-traditional services, including peer providers who can serve as role models, inspire hope and optimism and support engagement in self-directed care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    In-home outreach services may be more effective for these individuals at addressing needs and building relationships and trust with providers.

    “For these people, in-home outreach services may be more effective at addressing needs and beginning to build relationships and trust with service providers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Such interventions are sometimes available, yet accessing them requires engagement in mental health services that are typically office-based.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Consumers trying to 'get by' value interventions that minimize acute symptom-related distress and reduce impairment, as well as collaborative medication management and person-centered practices that empower them to manage symptoms and make care decisions.

    “Among individuals trying to “get by,” interventions that minimize acute symptom-related distress and reduce impairment are important and valued by consumers, as are collaborative approaches to medication management and other person-centered practices that aim to empower the person to manage their symptoms and make as many care and other decisions as possible.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In addition to supporting consumers within specific phases of recovery, the findings suggest opportunities for clinicians to assist consumers in recognizing changes and transitioning between phases.

    “Finally, in addition to supporting consumers within specific phases of recovery, our findings suggest opportunities for clinicians to assist consumers in recognizing changes and transitioning between phases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Of those who completed the 24-month follow-up, 161 (96%) gave a recovery definition that could be coded.

    “Among those completing the 24-month follow-up interview 161 (96%) provided a codeable recovery definition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Such care might minimize reliance on and reduce unnecessary medications, focus on relapse prevention and maintenance of optimal health, and move people out of the mental health system as soon as appropriate, allowing re-entry when necessary.

    “Such care might minimize reliance on and reduce unnecessary medications, focus on relapse prevention and maintenance of optimal mental and physical health, and move people out of the mental health system as soon as appropriate, allowing re-entry when necessary.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study used data and investigator triangulation to enhance rigor.

    “Such data and investigator triangulation enhances rigor (Patton, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Patton, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    For those 'getting on,' desirable services will likely be used during symptom exacerbations and need to be accessible, on-demand, consumer-driven, and provide minimally necessary care within continuous therapeutic relationships with clinicians familiar with the person's illness and treatment.

    “For those “getting on,” desirable services will likely be used during symptom exacerbations, and need to be accessible, “on-demand,” and consumer-driven, providing minimally necessary care within the context of continuous therapeutic relationships with clinicians who know the course and history of a person’s illness and treatment (Green et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Green et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    For those trying to 'get back,' services responsive to consumer preferences, targeting illness self-management, occupational and social functioning, well-being, and life skills development are likely to be welcome.

    “For those who are trying to “get back,” services that are responsive to consumer preferences, target illness self-management (Cook et al., 2009; Mueser et al., 2006), improved occupational (Bond & Drake, 2014) and social functioning, and enhanced well-being, and that promote life skills development (e.g., financial management, parenting), are likely to be welcome.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cook et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mueser et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bond & Drake, 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    At the 24-month point, 96% of surviving participants completed the interview.

    “96% of those living at the time of the 24-month interview completed that interview (3 participants were deceased).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These findings parallel descriptions of experiences of individuals living with chronic medical illnesses and are consistent with other studies of consumer-derived recovery definitions and needs and with autobiographical accounts and broader qualitative samples.

    “Interestingly, these findings parallel descriptions of the experiences of individuals living with chronic medical illnesses (Charmaz, 1991) as well as those of other studies of consumer-derived recovery definitions and needs (Davidson, Shaw, et al., 2010; Piat et al., 2009; Windell, Norman, & Malla, 2012) and are remarkably consistent with autobiographical accounts and broader samples included in”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Charmaz, 1991

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Davidson, Shaw, et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Piat et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A person-centered, recovery-oriented mental health service system should recognize that while symptom control is an important aspect of recovery for many, it is a means to broader recovery goals rather than an end in itself.

    “A person-centered, recovery-oriented mental health service system should recognize that while symptom control is an important aspect of recovery for many, it is a means to broader recovery goals rather than an end in itself.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Conceptualizations of recovery are likely to differ across cultures.

    “conceptualizations of recovery are likely to differ across cultures (Slade et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Slade et al., 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    While traditional mental health services are assumed to move people 'forward' toward recovery, equally important appear to be services that ease transitions and minimize losses as people move away from recovery.

    “While traditional mental health services are assumed to move people “forward” toward recovery, equally important appear to be services that ease transitions and minimize losses as people move away from recovery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Traditional mental health services are assumed to move people 'forward' toward recovery.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Characteristics such as social support and socioeconomic standing may influence individuals' perceptions of recovery as well as opportunities for engaging in activities associated with recovery (e.g., work).

    “characteristics such as social support and socioeconomic standing may influence individuals’ perceptions of recovery as well as opportunities for engaging in activities associated with recovery (e.g., work) (Hendryx et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hendryx et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

47 of 47

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The recovery definitions and goals expressed by this sample of integrated health plan members are relevant to mental health consumers and practice settings beyond the study sample.

    “Person-centered care must accommodate changing consumer priorities, services must be flexible and responsive, and outcomes need to match consumers’ objectives.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participants' self-reported definitions of recovery accurately reflect their recovery goals and preferred outcomes.

    “participants were asked explicitly about what recovery meant to them”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Traditional mental health services are assumed to move people 'forward' toward recovery.

    “While traditional mental health services are assumed to move people “forward” toward recovery”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Evidence-based rehabilitative services that extend beyond symptom resolution and aim for improving functioning and quality of life exist, but few have access to them or to longstanding, trusted clinicians who can facilitate appropriate service utilization.

    “Evidence-based rehabilitative services that extend beyond symptom resolution and aim for improving functioning and quality of life exist, but few have access to them or to longstanding, trusted clinicians who can facilitate appropriate service utilization.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Such interventions are sometimes available, yet accessing them requires engagement in mental health services that are typically office-based.

    “Such interventions are sometimes available, yet accessing them requires engagement in mental health services that are typically office-based.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Campbell-Orde T Chamberlin J Carpenter J Leff HS 2005 Measuring the promise: A compendium of recovery measures II Cambridge, MA The Evaluation Center at the Human Services Resesarch Institute (HSRI)
  2. Donnelly M Scott D McGilloway S O’Neill T Williams J Slade M 2011 Patient outcomes: What are the best methods for measuring recovery from mental illness and capturing feedback from patients in order to inform service improvement? A report commissioned by the Bamford Implementation Rapid Review Scheme (Vol. COM/4409/10) 1 191 Northern Ireland Bamford Implementation Rapid Review Scheme: Patient Outcomes
  3. Miles MB Huberman AM 1994 Qualitative data analysis 2 Thousand Oaks Sage Publications
  4. Strauss AL Corbin J 1998a Analytic tools Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory 87 99 Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications, Inc Reprinted from: IN FILE
  5. Strauss AL Corbin J 1998b Axial coding Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory 123 142 Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications, Inc Reprinted from: IN FILE
  6. Strauss AL Corbin J 1998c Coding for process Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory 163 179 Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications, Inc (Reprinted from: IN FILE)
  7. Strauss AL Corbin J 1998d Open coding Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory 101 121 Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications, Inc (Reprinted from: IN FILE)
  8. Strauss AL Corbin J 1998e Selective coding Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory 143 161 Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications, Inc (Reprinted from: IN FILE)

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Related

Authors
Yarborough, B. J. H., Yarborough, M. T., Janoff, S. L., & Green, C. A.
Affiliations
Kaiser Permanente (US)
ORCID
Venue
Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2016-06
Volume
39
Issue
2
Pages
97-104
ISSN
  • 1095-158X (ISSN-L)
  • 1559-3126
DOI
10.1037/prj0000160
PMC
PMC4809796
OpenAlex
W2412452095
Semantic Scholar
06936b91dd770d64d99a203ee5857c1e6a704545
Cited by
30
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
FWCI
3.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH062321)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Keywords
mental health recovery, recovery goals, mental health service users, person-centred care, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, affective psychosis, coping, basic needs, living with mental illness, service matching, integrated health plans
MeSH terms
Affective Disorders, Psychotic, Mental Disorders, Goals, Humans, Mental Health Services, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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