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Behavioral processes underlying the decline of narcissists’ popularity over time.
Abstract
Following a dual-pathway approach to the social consequences of grandiose narcissism, we investigated the behavioral processes underlying (a) the decline of narcissists' popularity in social groups over time and (b) how this is differentially influenced by the 2 narcissism facets admiration and rivalry. In a longitudinal laboratory study, participants (N = 311) first provided narcissism self-reports using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, and subsequently interacted with each other in small groups in weekly sessions over the course of 3 weeks. All sessions were videotaped and trained raters coded participants' behavior during the interactions. Within the sessions participants provided mutual ratings on assertiveness, untrustworthiness, and likability. Results showed that (a) over time narcissists become less popular and (b) this is reflected in an initially positive but decreasing effect of narcissistic admiration as well as an increasing negative effect of narcissistic rivalry. As hypothesized, these patterns of results could be explained by means of 2 diverging behavioral pathways: The negative narcissistic pathway (i.e., arrogant-aggressive behavior and being seen as untrustworthy) plays an increasing role and is triggered by narcissistic rivalry, whereas the relevance of the positive narcissistic pathway (i.e., dominant-expressive behavior and being seen as assertive) triggered by narcissistic admiration decreases over time. These findings underline the utility of a behavioral pathway approach for disentangling the complex effects of personality on social outcomes.
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“prior research shows that perceptions of narcissistic individuals in peer groups vary according to the length of acquaintance because the passage of time exposes narcissists’ negative characteristics. Thus, short-term acquaintances tend to evaluate narcissistic peers more positively, whereas over time with longer acquaintance these positive perceptions diminish (Carlson et al., 2011; Leckelt et al”
From Narcissistic Leaders and Their Victims: Followers Low on Self-Esteem and Low on Core Self-Evaluations Suffer Most (2018) · cites this paper as Leckelt et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Studies focusing on the formation of affiliative bonds among previously unacquainted individuals found that, at early stages of acquaintance, narcissists were more likely to increase in status and likability.”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Leckelt et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“However, as interactions grew more intimate, narcissists were more likely to lose their initially high status and to become less trusted and liked over time, especially because of their antagonistic behaviors (Carlson & Lawless DesJardins, 2015; Küfner, Nestler, & Back, 2013; Leckelt et al., 2015; Paulhus, 1998).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Leckelt et al., 2015
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BackgroundIs high self-esteem beneficial? Revisiting a classic question.
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Self-citationSelf-Enhancement and Psychological Adjustment: A Meta-Analytic Review
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“This reasoning is in line with prior work by Alicke and Sedikides (2009), who describe self-enhancement (reflected by admiration within the NARC) as the narcissistic default.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe Evil Queen's Dilemma: Linking Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry to Benign and Malicious Envy
Lange, J., Crusius, J., & Hagemeyer, B. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2047 · Cited by 222
“Despite the importance of identifying processes associated with social consequences of personality (Back, 2015; Back et al., 2011), such evidence about the paradoxical effects of narcissism is still limited (refer to Leckelt et al. 2015, for initial findings).”
BackgroundThe Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept
Back, M. D. (2018) · Handbook of Trait Narcissism · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_6 · Cited by 201
Self-citationRogoza, R., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., Kwiatkowska, M. M., & Kwiatkowska, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00343 · Cited by 200
“…between grandiose narcissism and these two personality traits is rather due to two narcissistic strategies: only admiration was related to extraversion, and only rivalry was related to low agreeableness, which was also replicated in other studies (Leckelt et al., 2015; Rogoza et al., 2016b).”
BackgroundResultNarcissism and the pursuit of status
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Vrabel, J. K., McCabe, G. A., Cosby, C. A., Traeder, C. K., Hobbs, K. A., & Southard, A. C. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12392 · Cited by 193
Martin, S. R., Côté, S., & Woodruff, T. (2016) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2015.0680 · Cited by 155
“These arguments suggest that, in enduring relationships where narcissists engage in more negative behavior (Leckelt et al., 2015), they will be less conscientious in structuring tasks, more likely to deviate fromplans, andmore focused on short-term motives for recognition than long-term systems, resulting in less task…”
BackgroundNarcissism and Social Networking Behavior: A Meta‐Analysis
Gnambs, T., & Appel, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12305 · Cited by 156
Nevicka, B., Vianen, A. E. M. V., Hoogh, A. H. B. D., & Voorn, B. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000298 · Cited by 131
Narcissistic Force Meets Systemic Resistance: The Energy Clash Model
Sedikides, C., & Campbell, W. K. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617692105 · Cited by 143
Nevicka, B., De Hoogh, A. H. B., Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00422 · Cited by 113
“Thus, shortterm acquaintances tend to evaluate narcissistic peers more positively, whereas over time with longer acquaintance these positive perceptions diminish (Carlson et al., 2011; Leckelt et al., 2015; Ong et al., 2016).”
BackgroundDark Triad traits and their structure: An empirical approach
Rogoza, R., & Cieciuch, J. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9834-6 · Cited by 131
“…found in more recent studies suggesting that narcissists make good first impressions, especially at the moment of zero acquaintance, but after time passes and their flaws become more salient and their true dark nature repels other people (Back et al. 2010; Leckelt et al. 2015; Rogoza et al. 2016b).”
ResultGupta, A., & Misangyi, V. F. (2018) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2765 · Cited by 109
Lange, J., Paulhus, D. L., & Crusius, J. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217746340 · Cited by 107
Dark Leadership: The Role of Leaders’ Dark Triad Personality Traits
Furtner, M. R., Maran, T. K., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64740-1_4 · Cited by 111
Pass me the ball: narcissism in performance settings
Roberts, R., Woodman, T., & Sedikides, C. (2017) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2017.1290815 · Cited by 104
“This decline in favor occurs largely because the more unappealing sides of narcissism (e.g., arrogance, hostility, entitlement, manipulativeness) come to the fore over time (Leckelt et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHow Alluring Are Dark Personalities? the Dark Triad and Attractiveness in Speed Dating
Jauk, E., Neubauer, A. C., Mairunteregger, T., Pemp, S., Sieber, K. P., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2040 · Cited by 99
The Social Consequences of Personality: Six Suggestions for Future Research
Back, M. D., & Vazire, S. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1998 · Cited by 86
Self-citationLievens, F. (2017) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2111 · Cited by 95
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“Although the NARQ has demonstrated good concordance with other methods (e.g., behavioral coding) in prior studies (see Leckelt et al., 2015), a multimethod approach would be useful for future IPC-based examinations of NARQ.”
MethodResultRogoza, R., Cieciuch, J., Strus, W., & Baran, T. (2019) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2206 · Cited by 83
Czarna, A. Z., Leifeld, P., Śmieja, M., Dufner, M., & Salovey, P. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216666265 · Cited by 76
“charming, and aggressive behaviors account for the links between narcissism and (un)popularity (Küfner et al., 2013; Leckelt et al., 2015) and that empathic and prosocial behaviors account for the link between EI and popularity.”
BackgroundPalmer, J. C., Holmes, R. M., & Perrewé, P. L. (2020) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601120905728 · Cited by 88
“This viewpoint is consistent with prior empirical research on narcissistic leaders (Leckelt et al., 2015; Nevicka et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultMayer, S. J., Berning, C., & Johann, D. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2228 · Cited by 78
“…and empirical claim of Back et al. (2013) has already been successfully replicated and validated in subsequent research (Grosz et al., 2019; Leckelt et al., 2015; Leckelt et al., 2018; Rogoza, ŻemojtelPiotrowska, et al., 2016; Wetzel et al., 2016; Zeigler-Hill et al., 2019).2 2For…”
BackgroundResultDistinguishing Subgroups of Narcissists with Latent Class Analysis
Wetzel, E., Leckelt, M., Gerlach, T. M., & Back, M. D. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2062 · Cited by 73
“, 2002), risktaking in work contexts (Campbell, Goodie, & Foster, 2004; Chatterjee & Hambrick, 2007), and being perceived as arrogant, aggressive, and untrustworthy (Leckelt et al., 2015).”
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“Traits related to dominance—including narcissism and extraversion—are also associated with high social rank initially but not over time (Bendersky & Shah, 2013; Leckelt et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHow Does It Feel to Be a Narcissist? Narcissism and Emotions
Czarna, A. Z., Zajenkowski, M., & Dufner, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_27 · Cited by 64
“…use other people to regulate their self-esteem, producing a typical dynamic of initial excitement, “seduction” and later disappointment (Back et al., 2013; Campbell & Campbell, 2009; Czarna, Leifeld, Śmieja, Dufner, & Salovey, 2016; Leckelt et al., 2015; Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001; Paulhus, 1998).”
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BackgroundRogoza, R., Cieciuch, J., & Strus, W. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104167 · Cited by 64
Social interaction processes and personality
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Self-citationPersonality and performance: moving beyond the Big 5
Roberts, R., & Woodman, T. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.033 · Cited by 53
“[32]) may underlie narcissists’ performances.”
Narcissism: A Social-Developmental Perspective
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Leckelt, M., Geukes, K., Küfner, A. C. P., Niemeyer, L. M., Hutteman, R., Hirschmüller, S., Egloff, B., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219872477 · Cited by 50
“Each pathway is defined by specific behavioral expressions, interpersonal perceptions, and evaluation processes (Back et al., 2013; Back, Küfner, & Leckelt, 2018; Küfner et al., 2013; Leckelt et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHelfrich, H., & Dietl, E. (2019) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2019.1575365 · Cited by 53
Personality predictors of social status attainment
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“However, this initial phase of infatuation tends to not last long (Leckelt, Küfner, Nestler, & Back, 2015).”
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Self-citationWhat Separates Narcissism from Self-esteem? A Social-Cognitive Perspective
Brummelman, E., Gürel, Ç., Thomaes, S. C. E., & Sedikides, C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_5 · Cited by 43
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“Despite some overlap in how admiration and rivalry affected group affiliation (and distancing), our findings contribute to the growing literature showing distinct consequences associated with the rivalry and admiration components of narcissism (e.g., Back et al., 2013; Leckelt et al., 2015; Zeigler‐Hill & Trombly, 201…”
BackgroundResultThe dark personality and psychopathology: Toward a brighter future.
Thomaes, S. C. E., Brummelman, E., Miller, J. D., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000305 · Cited by 35
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Personality and Social Relationships: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go
Back, M. D., Branje, S., Eastwick, P. W., Human, L. J., Penke, L., Sadikaj, G., Slatcher, R. B., Thielmann, I., van Zalk, M. H. W., & Wrzus, C. (2023) · Personality Science · doi:10.5964/ps.7505 · Cited by 44
“Communal personality aspects, for example, seem to exert a stronger influence in later as compared to earlier relationship phases (e.g., see Leckelt et al., 2015 in the case of antagonistic narcissism).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOn the Popularity of Agentic and Communal Narcissists: The Tit-for-Tat Hypothesis
Rentzsch, K., & Gebauer, J. E. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218824359 · Cited by 34
“Nonetheless, the finding is far from redundant, given that prior research was not always consistent (Czarna et al., 2014; Leckelt et al., 2015) and at times indirect (Carlson et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGrandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism as Predictors of the Tendency to Objectify Other People
Lachowicz‐Tabaczek, K., Lewandowska, B., Kochan-Wójcik, M., Andrzejewska, B. E., & Juszkiewicz, A. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00569-3 · Cited by 30
Leckelt, M., Richter, D., Wetzel, E., & Back, M. D. (2019) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.248 · Cited by 33
Self-citationInformant assessment: The Informant Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory.
Oltmanns, J. R., Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000487 · Cited by 29
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A brief tale of the two faces of narcissism and the two facets of pride
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“…great first impression, rivalry is associated with arrogance and aggressiveness as the long-term cost, which discredits narcissists in the eyes of others (Leckelt et al., 2015); consequently, these two faces may also be referred to as the bright and the dark sides of narcissism (Back et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPathways From Narcissism to Leadership Emergence in Social Groups
Härtel, T. M., Leckelt, M., Grosz, M. P., Küfner, A. C. P., Geukes, K., & Back, M. D. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211046266 · Cited by 30
“…of antagonistic narcissism on leadership emergence has been ambiguous, studies have consistently found a negative impact of narcissistic rivalry on popularity (Küfner et al., 2013; Lange et al., 2016; Leckelt et al., 2015; Leckelt, Geukes, et al., 2019; see Back et al., 2018, for an overview).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe effect of narcissistic admiration and rivalry on mental toughness
Manley, H., Jarukasemthawee, S., & Pisitsungkagarn, K. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.009 · Cited by 30
Grosz, M. P., Dufner, M., Back, M. D., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.05.007 · Cited by 32
Self-citationEarly Impressions of Grandiose Narcissists: A Dual-Pathway Perspective
Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C. P., & Leckelt, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_33 · Cited by 27
“…replicated in several laboratory samples with real-life interactions in small groups of young adults that involved narcissism reports, independently coded actual behavior, as well as round-robin ratings of personality impressions and liking evaluations (Küfner et al., 2013; Leckelt et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMy way or the highway: Narcissism and dysfunctional team conflict processes
Lynch, J., McGregor, A., & Benson, A. J. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211001944 · Cited by 30
“Despite mounting evidence showing how narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry are linked to distinct intra- and interpersonal processes (e.g., Back et al., 2013; Leckelt et al., 2015), existing work has yet to consider how these dimensions of narcissism map onto team conflict processes.”
BackgroundInfluentialBalcerowska, J. M., & Sawicki, A. J. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111530 · Cited by 29
Open Peer Commentary and Authors’ Response
Bleidorn, W., & Hopwood, C. J. (2017) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2128 · Cited by 28
Maximum likelihood estimation of a social relations structural equation model
Nestler, S., Lüdtke, O., & Robitzsch, A. (2020) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-020-09728-z · Cited by 26
“For example, social and personality psychologists use the SRM to better understand the liking between unacquainted individuals (e.g., Küfner et al. 2012; Leckelt et al. 2015; Salazar-Kämpf et al. 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCulture and narcissism: The roles of fundamental social motives
Li, Z., & Benson, A. J. (2022) · Current Research in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100072 · Cited by 29
The Janus Face of Grandiose Narcissism in the Service Industry: Self-Enhancement and Self-Protection
Li, R., Yang, F., & Zhu, X. (2022) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-022-05074-5 · Cited by 26
“Narcissistic rivalry influences one’s behavior through a self-protecting process and has been found to be positively associated with envy, annoyed reactions, and aggressiveness; conversely, narcissistic admiration influences one’s behavior through a self-enhancing process and has been found to be positively associated…”
BackgroundSelf‐Worth and Politics: The Distinctive Roles of Self‐Esteem and Narcissism
Cichocka, A. K., Marchlewska, M., & Cisłak, A. (2023) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12897 · Cited by 35
Decoding the Narcissism-Charisma link: A facet approach
Rogoza, R., & Fatfouta, R. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109774 · Cited by 30
“cissists strive to self-enhance (albeit through different means) while antagonistic narcissists tend to self-defend (Back et al., 2010; Leckelt et al., 2015; Rentzsch & Gebauer, 2019).”
BackgroundClemens, V., Fegert, J. M., & Allroggen, M. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105545 · Cited by 25
Narcissism, social support, and loneliness during the pandemic
Gąsiorowska, W., Sioch, M., & Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111002 · Cited by 26
Clercq, D. D., Fatima, T., & Jahanzeb, S. (2022) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-05-2021-0072 · Cited by 25
All the World’s a Stage: US Presidential Narcissism and International Conflict
Harden, J. P. (2021) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqab048 · Cited by 25
Affective contingencies of narcissism.
Grapsas, S., Brummelman, E., Dufner, M., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000406 · Cited by 24
Tackling Longitudinal Round-Robin Data: A Social Relations Growth Model
Nestler, S., Geukes, K., Hutteman, R., & Back, M. D. (2016) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-016-9546-5 · Cited by 24
Self-citationNarcissism and perceived power in romantic relationships
Vrabel, J. K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Lehtman, M. J., & Hernández, K. D. P. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519858685 · Cited by 33
Mota, S., Leckelt, M., Geukes, K., Nestler, S., Humberg, S., Schröder-Abé, M., Schmukle, S. C., & Back, M. D. (2019) · Collabra: Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.174 · Cited by 31
Self-citationFatfouta, R., Rogoza, R., Brud, P. P., & Rentzsch, K. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104156 · Cited by 25
“In the long run, however, these positive perceptions vanish and conflicts are likely to arise (Dufner et al., 2019; Leckelt et al., 2015).”
InfluentialNarcissism and Leadership in Children
Brummelman, E., Nevicka, B., & O’Brien, J. (2021) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620965536 · Cited by 26
Mota, S., Mielke, I., Kroencke, L., Geukes, K., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221081322 · Cited by 21
“A number of studies have demonstrated that agentic and antagonistic aspects of grandiose narcissism are associated with various outcome measures across different domains in theoretically predicted directions (e.g., Back et al., 2013; Back, 2018; Geukes et al., 2017; Leckelt et al., 2015; Wurst et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDrawing on the Dark Triad to Teach Effective Leadership Is Dangerous, Irresponsible, and Bad Theory
Cunha, M. P. E., Clegg, S. R., Rego, A., & Simpson, A. V. (2024) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2022.0326 · Cited by 26
Dierdorff, E. C., & Fisher, D. M. (2021) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12481 · Cited by 22
The frustrated narcissist: Intelligence may reduce the chances of developing narcissistic rivalry
Gignac, G. E., & Zajenkowski, M. (2021) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2021.101556 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Leckelt, M., Küfner, A. C. P., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 856-871
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1622452712
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 30.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (DFG) (BA 3731/6-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- grandiose narcissism, narcissistic admiration, narcissistic rivalry, behavioral pathways, assertiveness, untrustworthiness, likeability, small group interaction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Narcissism, Social Behavior, Social Desirability, Social Perception, Time Factors, Young Adult
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