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Behavioral processes underlying the decline of narcissists’ popularity over time.
Abstract
Following a dual-pathway approach to the social consequences of grandiose narcissism, we investigated the behavioral processes underlying (a) the decline of narcissists' popularity in social groups over time and (b) how this is differentially influenced by the 2 narcissism facets admiration and rivalry. In a longitudinal laboratory study, participants (N = 311) first provided narcissism self-reports using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, and subsequently interacted with each other in small groups in weekly sessions over the course of 3 weeks. All sessions were videotaped and trained raters coded participants' behavior during the interactions. Within the sessions participants provided mutual ratings on assertiveness, untrustworthiness, and likability. Results showed that (a) over time narcissists become less popular and (b) this is reflected in an initially positive but decreasing effect of narcissistic admiration as well as an increasing negative effect of narcissistic rivalry. As hypothesized, these patterns of results could be explained by means of 2 diverging behavioral pathways: The negative narcissistic pathway (i.e., arrogant-aggressive behavior and being seen as untrustworthy) plays an increasing role and is triggered by narcissistic rivalry, whereas the relevance of the positive narcissistic pathway (i.e., dominant-expressive behavior and being seen as assertive) triggered by narcissistic admiration decreases over time. These findings underline the utility of a behavioral pathway approach for disentangling the complex effects of personality on social outcomes.
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“prior research shows that perceptions of narcissistic individuals in peer groups vary according to the length of acquaintance because the passage of time exposes narcissists’ negative characteristics. Thus, short-term acquaintances tend to evaluate narcissistic peers more positively, whereas over time with longer acquaintance these positive perceptions diminish (Carlson et al., 2011; Leckelt et al”
From Narcissistic Leaders and Their Victims: Followers Low on Self-Esteem and Low on Core Self-Evaluations Suffer Most (2018) · cites this paper as Leckelt et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Studies focusing on the formation of affiliative bonds among previously unacquainted individuals found that, at early stages of acquaintance, narcissists were more likely to increase in status and likability.”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Leckelt et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“However, as interactions grew more intimate, narcissists were more likely to lose their initially high status and to become less trusted and liked over time, especially because of their antagonistic behaviors (Carlson & Lawless DesJardins, 2015; Küfner, Nestler, & Back, 2013; Leckelt et al., 2015; Paulhus, 1998).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Leckelt et al., 2015
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“This approach, operationalized by the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ), has demonstrated its utility in studies on social consequences of narcissism, as initial admiration-driven popularity of narcissists is quenched by their manifestations of rivalry (Leckelt et al., 2015) eventually affecting…”
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“…psychopathic traits (and other PD features) decreased as a function of anticipated relationship duration may be at least partly artifactual (cf., Leckelt et al., 2015). anu These methodological difficulties could be addressed by means of a between-subjects design in which participants rate…”
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“…war Rivalry mit böswilligem Neid, weniger kommunalen undantagonistischenVerhaltensmustern (weniger warme Stimme, arrogante Haltungen, genervte Reaktionen) und der Wahrnehmung durch andere als aggressiv und nichtvertrauenswürdig assoziiert (Back et al. 2013; Lange et al. 2016; Leckelt et al. 2015).”
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“Finally, on the basis of the dual pathway model of the social interaction outcomes of narcissism (Back, 2018; Küfner et al., 2013; Leckelt et al., 2015), we expected a moderate positive (admiration) and negative (rivalry) link to the offender’s social status in prison.”
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Narcissism and partner-enhancement at different relationship stages
Czarna, A. Z., Śmieja, M., Wider, M., Dufner, M., & Sedikides, C. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104212 · Cited by 9
“As targets of perception, narcissists elicit more positive impressions earlier (than later) in relationships (Czarna et al., 2016; Leckelt et al., 2015), with corresponding implications for partner-enhancement.”
Opinion shopping for tax advice: The effects of client narcissism, social bonds, and message framing
Kaszak, S. E., Iyer, G. S., & Reckers, P. M. J. (2024) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2024.101562 · Cited by 6
Carlson, E. N., & Khafagy, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_29 · Cited by 8
Wolff, C., & Keith, N. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45931-4 · Cited by 9
The Longitudinal Effect of Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Traits on Relationship Satisfaction
Kislev, E. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221134348 · Cited by 6
“Displays of admiration include confidence, dominant, and assertive behavior in social situations, often resulting in positive social reinforcement and being considered likable (Leckelt et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYang, Y., Zhao, M., Li, Y., Li, B., Dong, Y. H., & Fang, Y. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03770-z · Cited by 7
“This result is consistent with hypothesis 2 and supports the view that narcissistic admiration is associated with positive outcomes (Back et al., 2013; Grosz et al., 2019; Leckelt et al., 2015; Vrabel et al., 2020).”
Kirk, C. P., Sedikides, C., & Givi, J. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12983 · Cited by 7
Governing in an Age of Distrust
Weinberg, J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198900740.001.0001 · Cited by 7
Hampson, S. E. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00003-0 · Cited by 7
Understanding and Coping in Social Relationships with Narcissists
Brunell, A. B., & Hermann, A. D. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108908306 · Cited by 5
Carlson, S. E., Smith, T. W., Parkhurst, K. A., Tinajero, R., Grove, J. L., Goans, C., Hirai, M., & Ruiz, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.1991358 · Cited by 5
“Further, the hostile-dominant goals and style associated with “moving against others” are also evident in narcissistic rivalry (Back et al., 2013; Grove et al., 2019), which is associated with increasing interpersonal difficulty over time (Leckelt et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHyatt, C. S., Sleep, C. E., Asamsama, O. H., & Reger, M. A. (2023) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000782 · Cited by 4
Međedović, J. M., & Jovanov, N. (2024) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-024-00421-3 · Cited by 5
“Even the positive appeal of narcissists declines over time because of their arrogant, untrustworthy, and aggressive behavior (Leckelt et al., 2015).”
Are moral people happier? Answers from reputation-based measures of moral character.
Sun, J., Wen, W., & Goodwin, G. P. (2025) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000539 · Cited by 12
Narcissism Dynamics and Auditor Skepticism
Kaszak, S. E., Johnson, E. N., Reckers, P. M. J., & Reinstein, A. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05668-1 · Cited by 9
“Recent psychology research documents notable variation in how individuals react to narcissistic others (e.g., Har-tel et al., 2021; Leckelt et al., 2015).”
Back, M. D., & Morf, C. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_704 · Cited by 4
Self-citationGrunenberg, E., Stachl, C., Breil, S. M., Schäpers, P., & Back, M. D. (2024) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22252 · Cited by 6
Self-citationYu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s484993 · Cited by 5
“63,64 Hence, narcissism positively predicts interpersonal and intrapersonal moral hypocrisy.”
How to Deal With a Difficult Boss
Fehn, T., & Schütz, A. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000503 · Cited by 10
Does narcissus prefer to be alone? Narcissistic personality features and the preference for solitude
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Vonk, J. M., & Fatfouta, R. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12901 · Cited by 4
How narcissism relates to upward-status disagreement in virtual project design teams
Xu, T., & Benson, A. J. (2024) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2024.2314922 · Cited by 4
“The strength of the correlation between narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry and mean levels of the two dimensions of narcissism were comparable to previous research conducted with student samples (e.g., Benson et al., 2019; Grove et al., 2019; Leckelt et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Leckelt, M., Küfner, A. C. P., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 856-871
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1622452712
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 30.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (DFG) (BA 3731/6-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- grandiose narcissism, narcissistic admiration, narcissistic rivalry, behavioral pathways, assertiveness, untrustworthiness, likeability, small group interaction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Narcissism, Social Behavior, Social Desirability, Social Perception, Time Factors, Young Adult
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