Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism.

Back, Mitja D.; Küfner, Albrecht C. P.; Dufner, Michael; Gerlach, Tanja M.; Rauthmann, John F.; Denissen, Jaap J. A.

doi:10.1037/a0034431

Cited by 1,255Personality Traits and PsychologyEmotions and Moral BehaviorPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism.

Back, Mitja D., Küfner, Albrecht C. P., Dufner, Michael, Gerlach, Tanja M., Rauthmann, John F., Denissen, Jaap J. A.·2013·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0034431

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Abstract

We present a process model that distinguishes 2 dimensions of narcissism: admiration and rivalry. We propose that narcissists' overarching goal of maintaining a grandiose self is pursued by 2 separate pathways, characterized by distinct cognitive, affective-motivational, and behavioral processes. In a set of 7 studies, we validated this 2-dimensional model using the newly developed Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ). We showed that narcissistic admiration and rivalry are positively correlated dimensions, yet they have markedly different nomological networks and distinct intra- and interpersonal consequences. The NARQ showed the hypothesized 2-dimensional multifaceted structure as well as very good internal consistencies (Study 1, N = 953), stabilities (Study 2, N = 93), and self-other agreements (Study 3, N = 96). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry showed unique relations to the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the Big Five, self-esteem, pathological narcissism, and other narcissism-related traits like Machiavellianism, psychopathy, self-enhancement, and impulsivity (Study 4, Ns = 510-1,814). Despite the positive relation between admiration and rivalry, the 2 differentially predicted general interpersonal orientations and reactions to transgressions in friendships and romantic relationships (Study 5, N = 1,085), interpersonal perceptions during group interactions (Study 6, N = 202), and observed behaviors in experimental observations (Study 7, N = 96). For all studies, the NARQ outperformed the standard measure of narcissism, the NPI, in predicting outcome measures. Results underscore the utility of a 2-dimensional conceptualization and measurement of narcissism.

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Narcissism is a multifactorial construct with more and less adaptive aspects.
“Narcissism is a multifactorial construct with more and less adaptive aspects (Back et al., 2013)”
From Do Narcissism and Emotional Intelligence Win Us Friends? Modeling Dynamics of Peer Popularity Using Inferential Network Analysis (2016) · cites this paper as Back et al., 2013
Grandiose narcissism is associated with the triad of admiration-seeking, rivalry, and retaliation and a propensity to act in a quarrelsome manner when others are seen as dominant.
“Grandiose narcissism is associated with the triad of admiration-seeking, rivalry, and retaliation (43, 44) and a propensity to act in a quarrelsome manner when others are seen as dominant (45).”
From Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
Despite pervasive criticism of the NPI, its relations to general personality traits, PD traits, and psychopathological constructs are quite consistent with expert ratings of NPD and grandiose narcissism, as are several other promising measures including the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, the Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale, and the Grandiose Narcissism Scale.
“First, despite the pervasive criticism of the NPI, its relations to general personality traits, PD traits, and psychopathological constructs are quite consistent with expert ratings of NPD and grandiose narcissism, as are several other promising measures including the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (Back et al. 2013), the Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale (S.A. Rosenthal, J.M. Ho”
From Controversies in Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Back et al. 2013
When narcissists believe self-promotion is less likely to grant status, they may follow combative behavior aimed at devaluing social competitors (rivalry pathway).
“However, when narcissists believe that self-promotion is less likely to grant status, they might follow a combative behavior that aims to devalue social competitors (rivalry pathway; Back, 2018; Back et al., 2013).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Back et al., 2013
Narcissists' beliefs in their own superiority go hand in hand with beliefs in others' inferiority.
“Third, narcissists’ beliefs regarding their own superiority tend to go hand in hand with beliefs of others’ inferiority (Back et al., 2013; Campbell et al., 2002; Kong, 2015; Krizan & Bushman, 2011; Park, Ferrero, Colvin, & Carney, 2013).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Back et al., 2013

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The Factor Structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
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Locating narcissism within the interpersonal circumplex and the five-factor model
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Personality psychology as a truly behavioural science
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Narcissism and celebrity
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From Dating to Mating and Relating: Predictors of Initial and Long–Term Outcomes of Speed–Dating in a Community Sample
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The Riverside Behavioral Q‐sort: A Tool for the Description of Social Behavior
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Perceptions of people with personality disorders based on thin slices of behavior
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Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism
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Perceiver effects as projective tests: What your perceptions of others say about you.
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Narcissism and attractiveness
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Sounds like a narcissist: Behavioral manifestations of narcissism in everyday life
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A Study of Narcissism, Affiliation, Intimacy, and Power Motives among Students in Business Administration
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The Social Relations Model: How to Understand Dyadic Processes
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A Closer Look at First Sight: Social Relations Lens Model Analysis of Personality and Interpersonal Attraction at Zero Acquaintance
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Die Messung von Narzissmus als Persönlichkeitskonstrukt:
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Vengeance is mine: Narcissism, vengeance, and the tendency to forgive
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Perceiving others’ personalities: Examining the dimensionality, assumed similarity to the self, and stability of perceiver effects.
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Narcissism assessment in social–personality research: Does the association between narcissism and psychological health result from a confound with self-esteem?
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Are Narcissists Sexy? Zeroing in on the Effect of Narcissism on Short-Term Mate Appeal
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Narcissists as “Victims”: The Role of Narcissism in the Perception of Transgressions
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Dispositional and state forgiveness: The role of self-esteem, need for structure, and narcissism
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Meta-insight: Do people really know how others see them?
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Examining the Relations Among Narcissism, Impulsivity, and Self‐Defeating Behaviors
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How extraverted is honey.bunny77@hotmail.de? Inferring personality from e-mail addresses
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Trait Personality Models of Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Grandiose Narcissism, and Vulnerable Narcissism
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Distinguishing Narcissism and Hostility: Similarities and Differences in Interpersonal Circumplex and Five-Factor Correlates
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The Two Pathways to Being an (Un‐)Popular Narcissist
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Narcissus Reflects: Memory Distortion in Response to Ego-Relevant Feedback among High- and Low-Narcissistic Men
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Factorial structure of pathological personality as evaluated by peers.
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Facing a psychopath: Detecting the dark triad from emotionally-neutral faces, using prototypes from the Personality Faceaurus
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The Self and Social Relationships
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Acquisitive or protective self-presentation of dark personalities? Associations among the Dark Triad and self-monitoring
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Competitive rivalry, social disposition, and subjective well-being: An experiment
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The Intertwined Evolution of Narcissism and Short‐Term Mating
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Moderators of the adaptiveness of self-enhancement: Operationalization, motivational domain, adjustment facet, and evaluator
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Positive Intelligence Illusions: On the Relation Between Intellectual Self‐Enhancement and Psychological Adjustment
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The factor structure
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Narcissism From the Perspective of the Dynamic Self‐Regulatory Processing Model
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Narcissistic self-enhancement: Tales of (successful?) self-portrayal.
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Do others bring out the worst in narcissists? The ‘‘Others Exist for Me’’ illusion
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To be grandiose or not to be worthless: Different routes to self-enhancement for narcissism and self-esteem
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Towards multifaceted Machiavellianism: Content, factorial, and construct validity of a German Machiavellianism Scale
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Addressing Criticisms of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)
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Narcissistic Self‐Enhancement
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Discussion on ‘Personality psychology as a truly behavioural science’ by R. Michael Furr
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The Emotional Dynamics of Narcissism: Inflated by Pride, Deflated by Shame
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Justice Sensitivity and Forgiveness in Close Interpersonal Relationships: The Mediating Role of Mistrustful, Legitimizing, and Pro‐Relationship Cognitions
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Personality and the derogation of others: Descriptions based on self- and peer report
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The Measurement of Trait Narcissism in Social‐Personality Research
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Narcissism and romantic relationships: Understanding the paradox.
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Of Tails and Their Dogs
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The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316685018 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Personality and prosocial behavior: A theoretical framework and meta-analysis.
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Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review.
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Controversies in Narcissism
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The dark core of personality
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Measuring Large-Scale Social Networks with High Resolution
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Making CEO Narcissism Research Great: A Review and Meta-Analysis of CEO Narcissism
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National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic
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The Very Efficient Assessment of Need for Cognition: Developing a Six-Item Version
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Who complies with the restrictions to reduce the spread of COVID-19?: Personality and perceptions of the COVID-19 situation
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Narcissism Today: What We Know and What We Need to Learn
Miller, J. D., Back, M. D., Lynam, D. R., & Wright, A. G. C. (2021) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214211044109 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
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Emotional Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents With Psychiatric Disorders. A Narrative Review
Paulus, F. W., Ohmann, S., Möhler, E., Plener, P. L., & Popow, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.628252 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Exploring the structure of narcissism: Toward an integrated solution
Crowe, M. L., Lynam, D. R., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12464 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit
Grapsas, S., Brummelman, E., Back, M. D., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619873350 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
“, low agreeableness) and can be manifested in other-derogating behaviors of status pursuit (Back et al., 2013; Crowe et al., 2019; Krizan & Herlache, 2018; Lange et al., 2018; Miller et al., 2017; Weiss et al., 2019; ZeiglerHill, Vrabel, et al., 2018).”
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Behavioral processes underlying the decline of narcissists’ popularity over time.
Leckelt, M., Küfner, A. C. P., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000057 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
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Thinking structurally about narcissism: an examination of the five-factor narcissism inventory and its components.
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Self-Enhancement and Psychological Adjustment: A Meta-Analytic Review
Dufner, M., Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868318756467 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
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Separating Narcissism From Self-Esteem
Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S. C. E., & Sedikides, C. (2016) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721415619737 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Narcissism and social media use: A meta-analytic review.
McCain, J. L., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000137 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Vulnerable Narcissism Is (Mostly) a Disorder of Neuroticism
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Vize, C., Crowe, M., Sleep, C., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Few, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12303 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Interpersonal Dynamics in Personality and Personality Disorders
Hopwood, C. J. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2155 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
What a tangled web we weave: The Dark Triad traits and deception
Jonason, P. K., Lyons, M. T., Baughman, H. M., & Vernon, P. A. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.038 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Narcissism and romantic relationships: The differential impact of narcissistic admiration and rivalry.
Wurst, S. N., Gerlach, T. M., Dufner, M., Rauthmann, J. F., Grosz, M. P., Küfner, A. C. P., Denissen, J. J. A., & Back, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000113 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
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The Evil Queen's Dilemma: Linking Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry to Benign and Malicious Envy
Lange, J., Crusius, J., & Hagemeyer, B. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2047 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Puffed-up but shaky selves: State self-esteem level and variability in narcissists.
Geukes, K., Nestler, S., Hutteman, R., Dufner, M., Küfner, A. C. P., Egloff, B., Denissen, J. J. A., & Back, M. D. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000093 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
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Measures of Dark Personalities
Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386915-9.00020-6 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
A comparison of the criterion validity of popular measures of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder via the use of expert ratings.
Miller, J. D., McCain, J., Lynam, D. R., Few, L. R., Gentile, B., MacKillop, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0036613 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept
Back, M. D. (2018) · Handbook of Trait Narcissism · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_6 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
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Measuring the dark core of personality.
Moshagen, M., Zettler, I., & Hilbig, B. E. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000778 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Social networking online and personality of self-worth: a meta-analysis
Liu, D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.024 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Me, myself, and I: influence of CEO narcissism on firms’ innovation strategy and the likelihood of product-harm crises
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Validation of the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire Short Scale (NARQ-S) in convenience and representative samples.
Leckelt, M., Wetzel, E., Gerlach, T. M., Ackerman, R. A., Miller, J. D., Chopik, W. J., Penke, L., Geukes, K., Küfner, A. C. P., Hutteman, R., et al. (2017) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000433 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
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Admiration and Rivalry: The Path to Accurate Narcissism Conceptualization
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Authors: Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C. P., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. A.
Affiliations: University of Münster (DE)
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
University of Göttingen (DE)
Tilburg University (NL)
ORCID: Back, Mitja D.
Dufner, Michael
Gerlach, Tanja M.
Rauthmann, John F.
Denissen, Jaap J. A.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2013-12
Volume: 105
Issue: 6
Pages: 1013-1037
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/a0034431
OpenAlex: W2142916040
Cited by: 1,255
References: 166
Citations by year: 2026: 152 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 147 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 28.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
Funders: German Research Foundation (BA 3731/2-1, BA 3731/6-1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: narcissism, narcissistic admiration, narcissistic rivalry, grandiose self, pathological narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, self-enhancement, interpersonal behavior, romantic relationships, friendship, group interaction, self-esteem
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Conflict, Psychological, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Narcissism, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Young Adult

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Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism.

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