Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience
Abstract
Objective There is a growing literature on the intergenerational transmission of trauma, representing approaches across psychodynamic, family systems, epidemiological, sociological, and biological levels of analysis. Embitterment has been proposed as a response to severe, but normative, stressful events, different from the life-threatening trauma that precedes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method This article reviews the potential applicability of the construct of embitterment to trauma and intergenerational effects through (a) a historical review of the intergenerational transmission of trauma literature, (b) a discussion of embitterment versus PTSD, (c) a brief review of theories of mechanisms of transmission, and (d) a discussion of biological findings and their interpretation. Results Mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of trauma, which may include psychodynamic processes, vicarious trauma, learning and modeling, parenting and family environment, and biological influences, are reviewed. Survivor coping and resilience, and specifically the presence of PTSD, has emerged as an important moderator of parental trauma effects on the second generation. A table comparing posttraumatic embitterment disorder and PTSD is provided. Conclusion The discussion emphasizes the importance of construing biological findings as flexible adaptations to stressors rather than deterministic indicators of damage, the relevance of context in interpreting such findings, and the role…
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Epigenetic modifications acquired in one generation can be inherited by the next generation and can involve behavioral or social transmission, including the transmission of trauma.
“Furthermore, epigenetic modifications acquired in one generation can be inherited by the next generation and can involve behavioral or social transmission (107), including the transmission of trauma (216).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [216]
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- Authors
- Lehrner, A., & Yehuda, R.
- Affiliations
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22-29
- ISSN
- 1942-9681 (ISSN-L)
- 1942-969X
- OpenAlex
- W2784205703
- Semantic Scholar
- dc9c9a266d059c3c3a36c9ae38c230045ea7e59e
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 13.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- intergenerational trauma, embitterment, post-traumatic stress disorder, vicarious trauma, resilience, trauma survivors, parenting, family environment, physiological stress response, community healing
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Trauma, Adaptation, Psychological, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Holocaust, Resilience, Psychological
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