Nonconsensual pornography among U.S. adults: A sexual scripts framework on victimization, perpetration, and health correlates for women and men.
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The finding that sextortion perpetrators are more likely to be known persons is consistent with research on IBSA more broadly and on online child sexual exploitation.
“This is consistent with research on IBSA more broadly (e.g., Henry et al., 2020; Ruvalcaba & Eaton, 2020), as well as research on online child sexual exploitation (Sutton & Finkelhor, 2023).”
From Sextortion: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Ruvalcaba & Eaton, 2020
Ruvalcaba and Eaton (2020) found people in emerging adulthood (aged 18-29) were the most likely group to self-report nonconsensual sharing.
“These findings are consistent with Ruvalcaba and Eaton’s study (2020), which found that people in emerging adulthood (aged 18–29) were the most likely group to self-report this behavior”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Ruvalcaba and Eaton’s study (2020)
Ruvalcaba and Eaton (2020) found bisexual men (11.0%) most likely to report perpetration, followed by gay men (10.8%), heterosexual men (6.4%), bisexual women (4.9%), and heterosexual women (2.7%).
“Ruvalcaba and Eaton (2020) explored gender and sexuality together, finding that bisexual men (11.0%) were the most likely to report perpetration, followed by gay men (10.8%), heterosexual men (6.4%), bisexual women (4.9%), and heterosexual women (2.7%).”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Ruvalcaba and Eaton (2020)
Cites
Performance of a Five-Item Mental Health Screening Test
Berwick, D. M., Murphy, J. M., Goldman, P. A., Ware, J. E., Barsky, A. J., & Weinstein, M. C. (1991) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199102000-00008 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
An ecological model of the impact of sexual assault on women's mental health
Campbell, R., Dworkin, E., & Cabral, G. (2009) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838009334456 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Bates, S. (2017) · Feminist Criminology · doi:10.1177/1557085116654565 · Cited by 414 · cited 4× · see citing works
“In individual interviews with 18 female “revenge porn” survivors, participants reported posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, other negative mental health outcomes as a result of their victimization (Bates, 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEmbodied Harms: Gender, Shame, and Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence
Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2015) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801215576581 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Psychosocial Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence for Women and Men in Canada
Ansara, D. L., & Hindin, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260510370600 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Differing Effects of Partner and Nonpartner Sexual Assault on Women's Mental Health
Temple, J. R., Weston, R., Rodriguez, B. F., & Marshall, L. L. (2007) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801206297437 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Daniels, E. A., & Zurbriggen, E. L. (2016) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-016-9367-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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‘It’s Torture for the Soul’: The Harms of Image-Based Sexual Abuse
McGlynn, C., Johnson, K., Rackley, E., Henry, N., Gavey, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2021) · Social & Legal Studies · doi:10.1177/0964663920947791 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The prevalence of technology-facilitated sexual violence: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Patel, U., & Roesch, R. (2022) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020958057 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Flynn, A., Powell, A., Scott, A. J., & Cama, E. (2022) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azab111 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Gámez‐Guadix, M., Mateos‐Pérez, E., Wachs, S., Wright, M., Martínez, J., & Íncera, D. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12064 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Seeking Justice and Redress for Victim-Survivors of Image-Based Sexual Abuse
Rackley, E., McGlynn, C., Johnson, K., Henry, N., Gavey, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2021) · Feminist Legal Studies · doi:10.1007/s10691-021-09460-8 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ray, A., & Henry, N. (2025) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241277271 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“This is consistent with research on IBSA more broadly (e.g., Henry et al., 2020; Ruvalcaba & Eaton, 2020), as well as research on online child sexual exploitation (Sutton & Finkelhor, 2023).”
Non-Consensual Synthetic Intimate Imagery: Prevalence, Attitudes, and Knowledge in 10 Countries
Umbach, R., Henry, N., Beard, G. F., & Berryessa, C. M. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642382 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Gámez-Guadix, M., Sorrel, M. A., & Martínez-Bacaicoa, J. (2023) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-022-00775-y · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review
Henry, N., & Beard, G. (2024) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241266137 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“3 Ruvalcaba and Eaton (2020) explored gender and sexuality together, finding that bisexual men (11.0”
BackgroundInfluentialImage-Based Sexual Abuse as a Means of Coercive Control: Victim-Survivor Experiences
Henry, N., Gavey, N., & Johnson, K. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012221114918 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Homosocial positionings and ambivalent participation
Hansen Mandau, M. B. (2020) · MedieKultur Journal of media and communication research · doi:10.7146/mediekultur.v36i67.113976 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Martínez-Bacaicoa, J., Sorrel, M. A., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2024) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911241229575 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Teachers vs. Chat GPT: identifying and naming acts of online sexual abuse
Dolev-Cohen, M., & Henry, N. (2025) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2025.2492585 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…of the parties involved (‘sexting coercion’), when the material is disseminated without consent (‘non-consensual intimate image sharing’) (Mandau, 2021; Ruvalcaba & Eaton, 2020; Wolak & Finkelhor, 2011), as part of criminal manipulation known as ‘grooming’ (Schoeps et al., 2020), or where the…”
- Authors
- Ruvalcaba, Y., & Eaton, A. A.
- Venue
- Psychology of Violence
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 68-78
- ISSN
- 2152-081X (ISSN-L)
- 2152-0828
- OpenAlex
- W2912719603
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 26.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Violence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- revenge porn, sexual scripts, victimization, perpetration, sexual health, gender differences, adult sexual behavior
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