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Segmental distribution of bithorax complex proteins during Drosophila development
Abstract
The Ubx and bxd transcription units comprise a single functional domain in the bithorax complex of Drosophila melanogaster. The segmental distributions and nuclear localization of proteins encoded by the Ubx unit have been determined by immunofluorescence staining with antibodies raised against a fusion protein containing Ubx coding sequences. Wild-type and mutant distributions are consistent with a model in which the protein-coding functions of the domain derive from the Ubx unit and are regulated by the bxd unit.
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“In particular, microexons (Beachy et al., 1985; Coleman et al., 1987), defined here as 3-27 nucleotide (nt)-long exons, have been largely missed by genome annotations and transcriptome profiling studies (Volfovsky et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2013; Wu and Watanabe, 2005). This is especially true for microexons shorter than 15 nts.”
From A Highly Conserved Program of Neuronal Microexons Is Misregulated in Autistic Brains (2014) · cites this paper as Beachy et al., 1985
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Control elements of the P2 promoter of the Antennapedia gene.Preprint
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“The homeotic proteins are each expressed throughout development in restricted positions along this axis, in body regions that correspond with their realms of function (3, 6, 7, 19, 54).”
BackgroundUltrabithorax mutations in constant and variable regions of the protein coding sequencePreprint
(1987) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1.4.386 · Cited by 47
Welnhofer, E. A., & Travis, J. L. (1996) · Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1996)34:2 · Cited by 15
Negative autoregulation by Ultrabithorax controls the level and pattern of its expression
Irvine, K. D., Botas, J., Jha, S., Mann, R. S., & Hogness, D. S. (1993) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.117.1.387 · Cited by 45
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“2A) in which mutations cause severe defects in Ubx expression in PS 6 (2, 36, 86) and since it is the only upstream fragment that drives lacZ expression in a manner similar to that of the endogenous Ubx, we conclude that this fragment contains important regulatory information for Ubx expression.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGenetics of epithelial polarity and pattern in the Drosophila retina
Reifegerste, R., & Moses, K. (1999) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-1878(199904)21:4 · Cited by 62
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Zheng, Z., Khoo, A., Fambrough, D., Garza, L. A., & Booker, R. (1999) · Development Genes and Evolution · doi:10.1007/s004270050279 · Cited by 43
“Immunocytochemistry has revealed that in bxd mutants there is a reduced level of Ubx protein expression throughout its normal domain ( Beachy et al. 1985; Irvine et al. 1993).”
BackgroundAlternative Splicing Modulates Ubx Protein Function in Drosophila melanogaster
Reed, H. C., Hoare, T., Thomsen, S., Weaver, T. A., White, R. A., Akam, M. E., & Alonso, C. R. (2009) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.109.112086 · Cited by 42
“To confirm that all Ubx protein variants were functional, we compared cuticle preparations of these embryos (not shown) and looked at the development of the midgut structures after ectopic expression of all Ubx isoforms in the mesoderm (see below).”
BackgroundObservations on cell lineage of internal organs of Drosophila
Lawrence, P. A., & Johnston, P. (1986) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.91.1.251 · Cited by 42
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“In addition, the HD cut protein (Blochlinger et al. 1990) and the HDcontaining members of the Antennapedia and Bithorax complexes are expressed in the CNS and PNS ( Beachy et al. 1985; Carroll and Scott 1985; White and Wilcox 1985; Macdonald et al. 1986; Wirz et al. 1986; Frasch et al. 1987; Doe et al. 1988; Celniker…”
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Hox Targets and Cellular Functions
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“The structures of the dorsal T3 derive from the haltere disc, which expresses Ubx, whereas the dorsal T2 is formed from the wing disc, which lacks Ubx expression except for the peripodial membrane [86, 87].”
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Domains of action of bithorax genes in Drosophila central nervous system
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“Indeed, many of these mutations alter the patterns of expression of the three homeobox genes (Beachy et al. 1985; Celniker et al. 1990; Karch et al. 1990; Sánchez-Herrero 1991).”
BackgroundResultMolecular and genetic analysis of the Tribolium Ultrabithorax ortholog, Ultrathorax
Bennett, R. L., Brown, S. J., & Denell, R. E. (1999) · Development Genes and Evolution · doi:10.1007/s004270050295 · Cited by 38
“Expression of Ubx is initially detected in PS6, spreading anteriorly to PS5 and posteriorly to PS12 later in development (Akam et al. 1985; Beachy et al. 1985; Castelli-Gair and Akam 1995; White and Wilcox 1985).”
BackgroundCloning and molecular characterization of the trithorax locus of Drosophila melanogaster.
Mozer, B. A., & Dawid, I. B. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.10.3738 · Cited by 38
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“Within the BX-C, Ultrabithorax (Ubx) is the key homeotic gene orchestrating wing-to-haltere transformation and encodes a transcription factor containing a highly conserved DNA binding domain named the ‘homeobox’ that is found throughout the HOX family of transcription factors (Affolter et al., 1990a,b, 2008; Akam et a…”
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Self-citationHox gene regulation in the central nervous system of Drosophila
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“In this case, the repression occurs not through a transcription factor, but through two, completely different mechanisms: a miRNA-based repression mechanism and what is most likely a transcriptional interference-based repression mechanism.”
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The structure of the Ultrabithorax promoter of Drosophila melanogaster
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Homologies in the colour patterns of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Nijhout, H. F., & Wray, G. A. (1986) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01766.x · Cited by 27
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Function of an Ultrabithorax minigene in imaginal cells
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“In contrast, homeotic genes control segment specific neuronal differences (Beachy et al., 1985; Carrol et al, * The sequence reported here has been submitted to the EMBL database under accession numbers X59548 and X59549.”
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“Microexons have been reported in both plants and metazoan (Beachy et al., 1985; Guo and Liu, 2015), and their role in generating alternative transcripts is becoming increasingly appreciated (Ustianenko et al.”
BackgroundEstacio‐Gómez, A., Moris‐Sanz, M., Schäfer, A.-K., Perea, D., Herrero, P., & Díaz‐Benjumea, F. J. (2013) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.090423 · Cited by 26
“In Drosophila, Hox genes are expressed in the neuroectoderm, the presumptive region of the central nervous system (CNS), from which neural stem cells, neuroblasts (NBs), delaminate (Beachy et al., 1985; Celniker et al., 1990; Hirth et al., 1998; Karch et al., 1990; Macias et al., 1990; White and Wilcox, 1985) (Fig.”
BackgroundThe Bithorax Complex: The First Fifty Years
Lewis, E. B. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8981-9_37 · Cited by 26
Trans-regulatory functions in the Abdominal-B gene of the bithorax complex
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Andreev, D. E., Rocheleau, T. A., Phillips, T. W., Beeman, R. W., & ffrench‐Constant, R. H. (1994) · Pesticide Science · doi:10.1002/ps.2780410410 · Cited by 25
Interspecific comparison of the unusually repetitiveDrosophila locusmastermind
Newfeld, S. J., Smoller, D. A., & Yedvobnick, B. (1991) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02101281 · Cited by 25
“acid homopolymers. These domains are found largely in nuclear proteins and have been postulated to provide a spacer or flexible hinge between functional areas ( Beachy et al. 1985; Laughon et al. 1985; Brendel and Karlin 1989).”
BackgroundPopulation Genetics of the Developmental Gene optomotor-blind (omb) in Drosophila polymorpha
Brisson, J. A., Templeton, A. R., & Duncan, I. (2004) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.104.032078 · Cited by 22
“…1970), because a cross between a light line with a dominant light allele and athese are such well-known genes as Ultrabithorax, period, mastermind, and nonA (Beachy et al. 1985; Colot et al. dark line would produce only light or dark flies, never flies with intermediate levels of pigmentation.”
BackgroundThe chicken homeo box genes CHox1 and CHox3: cloning, sequencing and expression during embryogenesis
Rangini, Z., Frumkin, A., Shani, G., Gutman, M., Eyal‐Giladi, H., Gruenbaum, Y., & Fainsod, A. (1989) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90008-5 · Cited by 24
Gould, A. P., Lai, R. Y. K., Green, M. J., & White, R. A. (1990) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.110.4.1319 · Cited by 24
Micol, J. L., & Garcı́a-Bellido, A. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.4.1146 · Cited by 23
Polycomb-dependentUltrabithoraxHox gene silencing induced by high Ultrabithorax levels inDrosophila
Garaulet, D. L., Foronda, D., Calleja, M., & Sánchez‐Herrero, E. (2008) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.025809 · Cited by 21
“leg disc) and in the posterior compartment of the second leg disc (Beachy et al., 1985; White and Wilcox, 1985).”
BackgroundDevelopmental analysis of a hybrid gene composed of parts of the Ubx and abd‐A genes of Drosophila
Casanova, J., Sánchez‐Herrero, E., & Morata, G. (1988) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02918.x · Cited by 21
de Navas, L. F., Reed, H. C., Akam, M. E., Barrio, R., Alonso, C. R., & Sánchez‐Herrero, E. (2010) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.051409 · Cited by 20
“Ubx is expressed in the haltere discs but not in the wing discs – the primordia of halteres and wings, respectively (White and Wilcox, 1984; Beachy et al., 1985).”
BackgroundMultiple Transcripts from the Antennapedia Gene of Drosophila melanogaster
Stroeher, V. L., Jørgensen, E. M., & Garber, R. L. (1986) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.6.12.4667-4675.1986 · Cited by 20
“Consistent with a DNA-binding role is the finding that the protein products of several homeobox-containing genes are localized to the nucleus (2, 4, 7, 61).”
BackgroundCooperative Binding of an Ultrabithorax Homeodomain Protein to Nearby and Distant DNA Sites
Beachy, P. A., Varkey, J. P., Young, K. E., von Kessler, D. P., Sun, B. I., & Ekker, S. C. (1993) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.13.11.6941-6956.1993 · Cited by 20
“The Ubx transcription unit produces a family of closely related nuclear proteins (6, 44, 58) which function in the control of transcription (38, 46, 69, 88).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCharacterisation of T48, a target of homeotic gene regulation in Drosophila embryogenesis
Strutt, D. I., & White, R. A. (1994) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/0925-4773(94)90035-3 · Cited by 19
Duncan, I., & Montgomery, G. (2002) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/161.1.1 · Cited by 19
Homopolymer length variation in the Drosophila gene mastermind
Newfeld, S. J., Schmid, A. T., & Yedvobnick, B. (1993) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00160429 · Cited by 19
“variability of homopolymers suggests that they act as a flexible connection in proteins, separating functional regions (Beachy et al. 1985).”
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Chromosomal assignment of gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II in the mouse
Pravtcheva, D. D., Rabin, M., Bartolomei, M. S., Corden, J. L., & Ruddle, F. H. (1986) · Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01539924 · Cited by 19
Molecular organization of master mind, a neurogenic gene of Drosophila melanogaster
Weigel, D., Knust, E., & Campos‐Ortega, J. A. (1987) · Molecular and General Genetics MGG · doi:10.1007/bf00331604 · Cited by 19
Moris‐Sanz, M., Estacio‐Gómez, A., Sánchez‐Herrero, E., & Díaz‐Benjumea, F. J. (2015) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.012872 · Cited by 18
“In the CNS the expression of Ubx is weak in parasegment (PS)5, strong in PS6 and weakens progressively in more posterior segments (Beachy et al., 1985; White and Wilcox, 1985).”
BackgroundMolecular Evolution at the decapentaplegic Locus in Drosophila
Newfeld, S. J., Padgett, R. W., Findley, S. D., Richter, B. G., Sanicola, M., de Cuevas, M., & Gelbart, W. M. (1997) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/145.2.297 · Cited by 18
Drive-selection equilibrium: Homopolymer evolution in the Drosophila gene mastermind
Newfeld, S. J., Tachida, H., & Yedvobnick, B. (1994) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00175884 · Cited by 18
“Beachy et al. (1985) proposed that a glycine homopolymer acts as a physically flexible hinge.”
BackgroundExpression of Homeobox Genes during Spermatogenesisa
Wolgemuth, D. J., Viviano, C. M., & Françoise Watrin, A. (1991) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb27317.x · Cited by 18
L�pez, A. J., Artero, R. D., & P�rez-Alonso, M. (1996) · Development Genes and Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00377226 · Cited by 17
Contrabithorax and the control of spatial expression of the bithorax complex genes of Drosophila
Casanova, J., Sánchez‐Herrero, E., & Morata, G. G. (1985) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.90.1.179 · Cited by 17
Chromosomal organization at the level of gene complexes
Chopra, V. S. (2010) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0585-2 · Cited by 16
“Ubx is expressed from PS5 to PS12-13, abd-A from PS7 to PS12 and Abd-B from PS10 to PS14 [56–61].”
BackgroundMurine Hox-1.7 Homeo-Box Gene: Cloning, Chromosomal Location, and Expression
Rubin, M. R., King, W. E., Toth, L. E., Sawczuk, I. S., Levine, M., D’Eustachio, P., & Nguyen-Huu, M. C. (1987) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.7.10.3836-3841.1987 · Cited by 16
Micol, J. L., Castelli-Gair, J. E., & Garcı́a-Bellido, A. (1990) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/126.2.365 · Cited by 15
Sato, T., & Denell, R. E. (1987) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/116.3.389 · Cited by 15
Normal and ectopic domains of the homeotic gene Sex combs reduced of Drosophila
Pelaz, S., Urquía, N., & Morata, G. (1993) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.117.3.917 · Cited by 15
Sato, T., & Denell, R. E. (1986) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/0012-1606(86)90045-x · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Beachy, P. A., Helfand, S. L., & Hogness, D. S.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- Beachy, Philip A.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1985-02
- Volume
- 313
- Issue
- 6003
- Pages
- 545-551
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2041519679
- Cited by
- 413
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 14 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 23.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- bithorax complex, Ubx, Drosophila melanogaster, developmental gene expression, nuclear localization, homeotic genes, transcriptional regulation, segmental distribution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Base Sequence, Cell Nucleus, Drosophila melanogaster, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Gene Expression Regulation, Larva, Models, Genetic, Morphogenesis, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic
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