Radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin
Open accessAbstract
Very small samples from the Shroud of Turin have been dated by accelerator mass spectrometry in laboratories at Arizona, Oxford and Zurich. As controls, three samples whose ages had been determined independently were also dated. The results provide conclusive evidence that the linen of the Shroud of Turin is mediaeval.
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Debris on the sample would have been removed by the pretreatments used in Damon et al. (1989).
“This debris would have been removed by the various pretreatments used in Damon et al. (1989), which included standard acid-base-acid treatments, and ultrasonic cleaning in water or detergents for different fractions.”
From Investigating a Dated Piece of the Shroud of Turin (2010) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
The sample studied was taken from the main part of the Shroud of Turin.
“In contrast to other reports on less-documented material, we find no evidence to contradict the idea that the sample studied was taken from the main part of the shroud, as reported by Damon et al. (1989).”
From Investigating a Dated Piece of the Shroud of Turin (2010) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
Damon et al. (1989) failed to conduct standard statistical tests for homogeneity among the inter- and intralaboratory data.
“However, it seems the authors failed to conduct standard statistical tests for homogeneity among the inter-and intralaboratory data, a necessary step to justify combining the data as they did.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
The heterogeneity issue for the Shroud sample is less readily apparent in Damon et al.'s presentation because they expressed p-values as per-cent quantities, rounding down for the control samples but up for Sample #1.
“We note that the heterogeneity issue for the Shroud sample is less readily apparent in their presentation because they expressed their p-values as per-cent quantities, rounding the results down to the nearest integer values for the control samples but up to the same precision level for Sample #1.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
The samples were randomly selected and independently assigned to the individual laboratories.
“The samples were randomly selected and independently assigned to the individual laboratories.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
Amounts of ricinoleic acid in the areal density range 1.5-2.5 mg/cm2 may be sufficient to bring the results of Damon et al. (1989) for Sample #1 into agreement if this is the sole source of contamination.
“We find that amounts of this material in the areal density range 1.5-2.5 mg/cm 2 may be sufficient to bring the results of Damon et al. (1989) for Sample #1 into agreement if this is the sole source of contamination.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
Damon et al. (1989) did not follow the W-W recommendation to reconsider the data.
“The overall conclusion is that Damon et al. (1989) did not follow the W-W recommendation to reconsider the data.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
The procedure used by Damon et al. (1989) to combine the means is inappropriate because it deliberately ignores the heterogeneous nature of the data uncovered by the analysis and introduces error into the statistical analysis.
“This procedure is inappropriate since it deliberately ignores the heterogeneous nature of the data uncovered by the analysis and introduces error into the statistical analysis.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
Damon et al. (1989) estimated the standard error of that mean by combining the standard errors of those means as if all the data were drawn from the same population.
“They then estimated the standard error of that mean by combining the standard errors of those means as if all the data were drawn from the same population.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
Our review and analysis of the Shroud radiocarbon data reveal a significant shortcoming in the original report by Damon et al. (1989).
“Our review and analysis of the Shroud radiocarbon data reveal a significant shortcoming in the original report by Damon et al. (1989).”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
Damon et al. (1989) chose to weight equally each of the three means-the scatter-weighted Tucson using the standard error of the mean data and the quoted error-weighted Zurich and Oxford data-to find their arithmetic mean.
“Rather, they chose to weight equally each of the three means -the scatter-weighted Tucson 2) using the standard error of the mean data and the quoted error-weighted Zurich and Oxford data -to find their arithmetic mean.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
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“Following the dating of the Shroud of Turin (Damon et al. 1989), 14C dating of unique textiles became reality.”
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“In their Nature article, Damon et al. (1989) stated that there was ‘conclusive evidence’ that the linen of the TS was medieval (AD 1260–1390 with at least 95% confidence).”
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“This new Bloodstain Pattern Analysis supports the historical records (27), the radiocarbon dating (1), and the chemical analysis (6–11).”
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“Archeologists have been able to use this technique to date a wide array of organic materials, the Shroud of Turin (24) and the Ötztal Ice Man (17) being two of the more famous examples.”
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“This debris would have been removed by the various pretreatments used in Damon et al. (1989), which included standard acid-base-acid treatments, and ultrasonic cleaning in water or detergents for different fractions.”
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“[37] to between 1260-1390 AD, but other experts”
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“Regardless of the age of the Shroud, either medieval (1260-1390) as dated by radiocarbon test [25,26] or older as it results from other measurements [27], and whatever the importance of historical documents about the existence of the Shroud before 1260 [28,29], the most important question remains the same: how did the…”
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“…3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy. synthetic resins from samples prior to 14C dating is based on the use of the Soxhlet extraction system (Damon et al. 1989; Bruhn et al. 2001), where many different solvents are employed in an elutrope sequence, to guarantee complete removal of both the…”
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“The ages of several important European objects—for example, the Shroud of Turin (Damon et al. 1989); Etruscan Linen Book [ Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis ] (Srdo Ë et al. 1990); Crown of Charlemagne [Corona Ferrea of Monza] (e.g. Tuniz et al. 1998:234–5); Vinland Map parchment (Donahue et al. 2002);…”
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“One of the most well-known example of 14C dating of a textile is that of the Turin shroud which radiocarbon dating placed in the Medieval period [10, 11], a result which is being disputed regarding the accuracy of the calendar age range, the representativity of the samples, and in comparison to alternative methods lik…”
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“Notwithstanding contrary opinions (Meacham, 1987), in 1988, the TS was radiocarbon-dated to 1260-1390 AD (Damon et al., 1989), but the results are questionable (Walsh, 1999; Riani et al.”
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Particle radiation from the body could explain the Shroud's images and its carbon dating
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Bella, M., Garlaschelli, L., & Samperi, R. (2015) · Thermochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.tca.2015.08.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ethical issues in research and publication of illicit cultural property
Argyropoulos, V., Polikreti, K., Simon, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1016/j.culher.2010.09.007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
THE SHROUD OF TURIN: AN AMINO-CARBONYL REACTION (MAILLARD REACTION) MAY EXPLAIN THE IMAGE FORMATION
Rogers, R. N., Arnoldi, A., & Ames, J. M. (2003) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud
Barcaccia, G., Galla, G., Achilli, A., Olivieri, A., & Torroni, A. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14484 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Blood reinforced by pigments in the reddish stains of the Turin Shroud
Fanti, G., & Zagotto, G. (2017) · Journal of Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1016/j.culher.2016.12.012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Radiocarbon chronology of Andean khipus
Cherkinsky, A. E., & Urton, G. (2014) · Open Journal of Archaeometry · doi:10.4081/arc.2014.5260 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The majority of the samples dated at the University of Arizona AMS laboratory (prefix-AA; Table 1) are from the large collection at the Chachapoya site of Laguna de los Cóndores, in northern Peru.”
InfluentialAnalysis of an archaeological linen cloth: The shroud of Arquata
Bruni, S., Cellamare, C. M., Lazzaro, P. D., et al. (2019) · Radiation Physics and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.03.052 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Shroud Body Image Generation. Immanent or Transcendent Action?
Fazio, G. (2019) · Scientia et Fides · doi:10.12775/setf.2020.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) 1977–1987
Gove, H. E., Purser, K. H., & Litherland, A. E. (2009) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin
Walsh, B., & Schwalbe, L. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102015 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
X-ray Dating of a Turin Shroud’s Linen Sample
Caro, L. D., Sibillano, T., Lassandro, R., Giannini, C., & Fanti, G. (2022) · The Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage5020047 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“TS Fabric and fibers from Turin Shroud 1260–1390 AD [3] 700 BC–100 AD [10] 700 BC–300 AD [11] 0–800 AD [12] 1000 BC–700 AD [5] Before 692 AD [13]”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRadiocarbon: Archaeological Applications
Jull, A. J. T., & Burr, G. S. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.01205-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationIs the "Shroud of Turin" the first recorded photograph?
Allen, N. P. L. (1993) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ball, P. (2008) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat2170 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cultural Heritage Preservation
Vásquez, P., & Nagai, M. L. E. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819725-7.00016-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Atomic resolution studies detect new biologic evidences on the Turin Shroud
Carlino, E., Caro, L. D., Giannini, C., & Fanti, G. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180487 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
RetractedMechanical Characterization of Linen Fibers: The Turin Shroud Dating
Fanti, G., & Basso, R. (2016) · International Journal of Reliability Quality and Safety Engineering · doi:10.1142/s0218539317500061 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jordan, T. R., Sheen, M., Abedipour, L., & Paterson, K. B. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136860 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dating Precolumbian Museum Objects
Strydonck, M. J. Y. V., van der Borg, K., & de Jong, A. F. M. (1992) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200064250 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chemistry and Crime: Investigating Chemistry from a Forensic Science Perspective
Kaplan, L. J. (2019) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2019-1324.ch002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Radionuclide dating and trace element analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry
McDaniel, F. “., Matteson, S., Weathers, D. L., et al. (1992) · Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry · doi:10.1007/bf02041663 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
New Insights on Blood Evidence from the Turin Shroud Consistent with Jesus Christ’s Tortures
Giulio, F. (2024) · Archives of Hematology Case Reports and Reviews · doi:10.17352/ahcrr.000044 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…a study [2] illustrates the reported Phillips’ hypothesis reported [19,20] which assumed that neutron radiation on the HST would have transformed the nitrogen and 13C nuclei into 14C, thus heavily skewing the results of the radiocarbon dating of the HST performed in 1988 [16] by many centuries.”
InfluentialWho's That Lying in My Coffin? An Imposter Exposed by 14C Dating
Sowada, K., Jacobsen, G., Bertuch, F., et al. (2011) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200056502 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“While AAA treatments varied with HCl and NaOH concentrations, and solvent extractions with different solvents (petroleum ether or ethanol) or detergents, the results were in agreement (Damon et al. 1989; Gove 1990).”
BackgroundMethodResultOn Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin
McAvoy, T. J. (2021) · International Journal of Archaeology · doi:10.11648/j.ija.20210902.11 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Smith, G. D., Chen, V. J., Holden, A., et al. (2022) · Heritage Science · doi:10.1186/s40494-022-00811-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Casabianca T, Marinelli E, Pernagallo G, Torrisi B. Radiocarbon dating of the Turin Shroud: new evidence from raw data.”
BackgroundInfluentialYoung, G. C., & Croft, M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820018-6.00006-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
AMS 14C DATING OF THE MAYAN CODEX OF MEXICO REVISITED
Solís, C., Martínez‐Carrillo, M. Á., Rodríguez‐Ceja, M., et al. (2020) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/rdc.2020.71 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“When performing intercomparison of several 14C dates of the same object with different processing, it is common to find different values (Damon et al. 1989).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBall, P. (2017) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4897 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Some interesting and exotic applications of carbon-14 dating by accelerator mass spectrometry
Jull, A. J. T. (2013) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/436/1/012083 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Damon, P. E., Donahue, D. J., Gore, B. H., Hatheway, A. L., Jull, A. J. T., Linick, T. W., Sercel, P. J., Toolin, L. J., Bronk, C. R., Hall, E. T., Hedges, R. E. M., Housley, R., Law, I. A., Perry, C., Bonani, G., Trumbore, S., Woelfli, W., Ambers, J. C., Bowman, S. G. E., Leese, M. N., & Tite, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Columbia University (US)
- British Museum (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1989-02
- Volume
- 337
- Issue
- 6208
- Pages
- 611-615
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1998268672
- Semantic Scholar
- 489ab47a3baf05ecd0cd14281c02cc15710e1a17
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Royal Holloway Digital Repository (Royal Holloway University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Cold Fusion and Nuclear Reactions
- Keywords
- Shroud of Turin, radiocarbon dating, accelerator mass spectrometry, linen, medieval textiles, authenticity, carbon-14
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