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Radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin
Open accessAbstract
Very small samples from the Shroud of Turin have been dated by accelerator mass spectrometry in laboratories at Arizona, Oxford and Zurich. As controls, three samples whose ages had been determined independently were also dated. The results provide conclusive evidence that the linen of the Shroud of Turin is mediaeval.
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In the citing paper
“This debris would have been removed by the various pretreatments used in Damon et al. (1989), which included standard acid-base-acid treatments, and ultrasonic cleaning in water or detergents for different fractions.”
From Investigating a Dated Piece of the Shroud of Turin (2010) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
In the citing paper
“In contrast to other reports on less-documented material, we find no evidence to contradict the idea that the sample studied was taken from the main part of the shroud, as reported by Damon et al. (1989).”
From Investigating a Dated Piece of the Shroud of Turin (2010) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
In the citing paper
“However, it seems the authors failed to conduct standard statistical tests for homogeneity among the inter-and intralaboratory data, a necessary step to justify combining the data as they did.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
In the citing paper
“We note that the heterogeneity issue for the Shroud sample is less readily apparent in their presentation because they expressed their p-values as per-cent quantities, rounding the results down to the nearest integer values for the control samples but up to the same precision level for Sample #1.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
In the citing paper
“The samples were randomly selected and independently assigned to the individual laboratories.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
In the citing paper
“We find that amounts of this material in the areal density range 1.5-2.5 mg/cm 2 may be sufficient to bring the results of Damon et al. (1989) for Sample #1 into agreement if this is the sole source of contamination.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
In the citing paper
“The overall conclusion is that Damon et al. (1989) did not follow the W-W recommendation to reconsider the data.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
In the citing paper
“This procedure is inappropriate since it deliberately ignores the heterogeneous nature of the data uncovered by the analysis and introduces error into the statistical analysis.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
In the citing paper
“They then estimated the standard error of that mean by combining the standard errors of those means as if all the data were drawn from the same population.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
In the citing paper
“Our review and analysis of the Shroud radiocarbon data reveal a significant shortcoming in the original report by Damon et al. (1989).”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
In the citing paper
“Rather, they chose to weight equally each of the three means -the scatter-weighted Tucson 2) using the standard error of the mean data and the quoted error-weighted Zurich and Oxford data -to find their arithmetic mean.”
From An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin (2020) · cites this paper as Damon et al. (1989)
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RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE OXFORD AMS SYSTEM: ARCHAEOMETRY DATELIST 11
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Archaeological dating using physical phenomena
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The Shroud of Turin: blood or artist's pigment?
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Life-size Reproduction of the Shroud of Turin and its Image
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A preliminary evaluation of accelerator mass spectrometry in the biomedical field
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“Following the dating of the Shroud of Turin (Damon et al. 1989), 14C dating of unique textiles became reality.”
BackgroundRegression analysis with partially labelled regressors: carbon dating of the Shroud of Turin
Riani, M., Atkinson, A. C., Fanti, G., & Crosilla, F. (2013) · Statistics and Computing · doi:10.1007/s11222-012-9329-5 · Cited by 43
“We know from Damon et al. (1989) that four different pieces were dated by Arizona.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTextiles and Radiocarbon Dating
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Sherlock Holmes counts the atoms
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Radiocarbon Dating of the Turin Shroud: New Evidence from Raw Data
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“In their Nature article, Damon et al. (1989) stated that there was ‘conclusive evidence’ that the linen of the TS was medieval (AD 1260–1390 with at least 95% confidence).”
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A BPA Approach to the Shroud of Turin
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“This new Bloodstain Pattern Analysis supports the historical records (27), the radiocarbon dating (1), and the chemical analysis (6–11).”
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“Archeologists have been able to use this technique to date a wide array of organic materials, the Shroud of Turin (24) and the Ötztal Ice Man (17) being two of the more famous examples.”
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Investigating a Dated Piece of the Shroud of Turin
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“This debris would have been removed by the various pretreatments used in Damon et al. (1989), which included standard acid-base-acid treatments, and ultrasonic cleaning in water or detergents for different fractions.”
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“[37] to between 1260-1390 AD, but other experts”
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“Regardless of the age of the Shroud, either medieval (1260-1390) as dated by radiocarbon test [25,26] or older as it results from other measurements [27], and whatever the importance of historical documents about the existence of the Shroud before 1260 [28,29], the most important question remains the same: how did the…”
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10Be measurements at IUAC-AMS facility
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“…3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy. synthetic resins from samples prior to 14C dating is based on the use of the Soxhlet extraction system (Damon et al. 1989; Bruhn et al. 2001), where many different solvents are employed in an elutrope sequence, to guarantee complete removal of both the…”
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“The ages of several important European objects—for example, the Shroud of Turin (Damon et al. 1989); Etruscan Linen Book [ Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis ] (Srdo Ë et al. 1990); Crown of Charlemagne [Corona Ferrea of Monza] (e.g. Tuniz et al. 1998:234–5); Vinland Map parchment (Donahue et al. 2002);…”
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“Notwithstanding contrary opinions (Meacham, 1987), in 1988, the TS was radiocarbon-dated to 1260-1390 AD (Damon et al., 1989), but the results are questionable (Walsh, 1999; Riani et al.”
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“The majority of the samples dated at the University of Arizona AMS laboratory (prefix-AA; Table 1) are from the large collection at the Chachapoya site of Laguna de los Cóndores, in northern Peru.”
InfluentialAnalysis of an archaeological linen cloth: The shroud of Arquata
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An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin
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X-ray Dating of a Turin Shroud’s Linen Sample
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“TS Fabric and fibers from Turin Shroud 1260–1390 AD [3] 700 BC–100 AD [10] 700 BC–300 AD [11] 0–800 AD [12] 1000 BC–700 AD [5] Before 692 AD [13]”
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Self-citationIs the "Shroud of Turin" the first recorded photograph?
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Cultural Heritage Preservation
Vásquez, P., & Nagai, M. L. E. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819725-7.00016-7 · Cited by 8
Atomic resolution studies detect new biologic evidences on the Turin Shroud
Carlino, E., Caro, L. D., Giannini, C., & Fanti, G. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180487 · Cited by 8
RetractedMechanical Characterization of Linen Fibers: The Turin Shroud Dating
Fanti, G., & Basso, R. (2016) · International Journal of Reliability Quality and Safety Engineering · doi:10.1142/s0218539317500061 · Cited by 7
Jordan, T. R., Sheen, M., Abedipour, L., & Paterson, K. B. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136860 · Cited by 7
Dating Precolumbian Museum Objects
Strydonck, M. J. Y. V., van der Borg, K., & de Jong, A. F. M. (1992) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200064250 · Cited by 7
Chemistry and Crime: Investigating Chemistry from a Forensic Science Perspective
Kaplan, L. J. (2019) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2019-1324.ch002 · Cited by 7
Radionuclide dating and trace element analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry
McDaniel, F. “., Matteson, S., Weathers, D. L., et al. (1992) · Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry · doi:10.1007/bf02041663 · Cited by 7
New Insights on Blood Evidence from the Turin Shroud Consistent with Jesus Christ’s Tortures
Giulio, F. (2024) · Archives of Hematology Case Reports and Reviews · doi:10.17352/ahcrr.000044 · Cited by 6
“…a study [2] illustrates the reported Phillips’ hypothesis reported [19,20] which assumed that neutron radiation on the HST would have transformed the nitrogen and 13C nuclei into 14C, thus heavily skewing the results of the radiocarbon dating of the HST performed in 1988 [16] by many centuries.”
InfluentialWho's That Lying in My Coffin? An Imposter Exposed by 14C Dating
Sowada, K., Jacobsen, G., Bertuch, F., et al. (2011) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200056502 · Cited by 7
“While AAA treatments varied with HCl and NaOH concentrations, and solvent extractions with different solvents (petroleum ether or ethanol) or detergents, the results were in agreement (Damon et al. 1989; Gove 1990).”
BackgroundMethodResultOn Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin
McAvoy, T. J. (2021) · International Journal of Archaeology · doi:10.11648/j.ija.20210902.11 · Cited by 6
Smith, G. D., Chen, V. J., Holden, A., et al. (2022) · Heritage Science · doi:10.1186/s40494-022-00811-5 · Cited by 6
“Casabianca T, Marinelli E, Pernagallo G, Torrisi B. Radiocarbon dating of the Turin Shroud: new evidence from raw data.”
BackgroundInfluentialYoung, G. C., & Croft, M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820018-6.00006-5 · Cited by 6
AMS 14C DATING OF THE MAYAN CODEX OF MEXICO REVISITED
Solís, C., Martínez‐Carrillo, M. Á., Rodríguez‐Ceja, M., et al. (2020) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/rdc.2020.71 · Cited by 6
“When performing intercomparison of several 14C dates of the same object with different processing, it is common to find different values (Damon et al. 1989).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBall, P. (2017) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4897 · Cited by 6
Some interesting and exotic applications of carbon-14 dating by accelerator mass spectrometry
Jull, A. J. T. (2013) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/436/1/012083 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Damon, P. E., Donahue, D. J., Gore, B. H., Hatheway, A. L., Jull, A. J. T., Linick, T. W., Sercel, P. J., Toolin, L. J., Bronk, C. R., Hall, E. T., Hedges, R. E. M., Housley, R., Law, I. A., Perry, C., Bonani, G., Trumbore, S., Woelfli, W., Ambers, J. C., Bowman, S. G. E., Leese, M. N., & Tite, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Columbia University (US)
- British Museum (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1989-02
- Volume
- 337
- Issue
- 6208
- Pages
- 611-615
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1998268672
- Semantic Scholar
- 489ab47a3baf05ecd0cd14281c02cc15710e1a17
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Royal Holloway Digital Repository (Royal Holloway University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Cold Fusion and Nuclear Reactions
- Keywords
- Shroud of Turin, radiocarbon dating, accelerator mass spectrometry, linen, medieval textiles, authenticity, carbon-14
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