The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
Abstract
DNA from bacteria has stimulatory effects on mammalian immune cells, which depend on the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the bacterial DNA. In contrast, mammalian DNA has a low frequency of CpG dinucleotides, and these are mostly methylated; therefore, mammalian DNA does not have immuno-stimulatory activity. CpG DNA induces a strong T-helper-1-like inflammatory response. Accumulating evidence has revealed the therapeutic potential of CpG DNA as adjuvants for vaccination strategies for cancer, allergy and infectious diseases. Despite its promising clinical use, the molecular mechanism by which CpG DNA activates immune cells remains unclear. Here we show that cellular response to CpG DNA is mediated by a Toll-like receptor, TLR9. TLR9-deficient (TLR9-/-) mice did not show any response to CpG DNA, including proliferation of splenocytes, inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages and maturation of dendritic cells. TLR9-/- mice showed resistance to the lethal effect of CpG DNA without any elevation of serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. The in vivo CpG-DNA-mediated T-helper type-1 response was also abolished in TLR9-/- mice. Thus, vertebrate immune systems appear to have evolved a specific Toll-like receptor that distinguishes bacterial DNA from self-DNA.
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“all of the AAV-induced cytokines and chemokines can be upregulated by activation of TLR9 in the periphery using synthetic CpG-rich oligonucleotides.8,9,10,11,12,52,53,54,55,56,57,58”
From An innate immune response to adeno-associated virus genomes decreases cortical dendritic complexity and disrupts synaptic transmission (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
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Cites
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Self-citationCpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity
Akira, S., Uematsu, S., & Takeuchi, O. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015 · Cited by 12,401
“Bacterial DNA Bacterial genomic DNA is also an immunostimulant and is recognized by TLR9 (Hemmi et al., 2000; Krieg, 2002).”
Self-citationJaneway, C. A., & Medzhitov, R. (2002) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359 · Cited by 8,394
“It turns out that the two recombinase-activating genes are encoded in a short stretch of DNA, in opposite orientations and lacking exons.”
BackgroundInfluentialAkira, S., & Takeda, K. (2004) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1391 · Cited by 8,312
Self-citationRecognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129
Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity
Akira, S., Takeda, K., & Kaisho, T. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/90609 · Cited by 4,777
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., & Akira, S.
- Affiliations
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, The University of Osaka (JP)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JP)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Akira, Shizuo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2000-12-07
- Volume
- 408
- Issue
- 6813
- Pages
- 740-745
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1514540900
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 85 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 167 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 191 · 2020: 180 · 2019: 164 · 2018: 187 · 2017: 219 · 2016: 201 · 2015: 226 · 2014: 276 · 2013: 281 · 2012: 235
- FWCI
- 102.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- TLR9, CpG, innate immunity, T helper 1 response, adjuvants, vaccination, dendritic cell maturation, macrophage cytokine production, self-DNA, TLR9-deficient mice
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antigens, Differentiation, Base Sequence, Cells, Cultured, Cloning, Molecular, Dendritic Cells, DNA-Binding Proteins, DNA, Bacterial, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Humans, Membrane Glycoproteins, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Molecular Sequence Data, Receptors, Cell Surface, Receptors, Immunologic, Dinucleoside Phosphates, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, Mutagenesis, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Drosophila Proteins, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Toll-Like Receptors, Toll-Like Receptor 9, Mice, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
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