Cited by 1,240Autophagy in Disease and TherapyUbiquitin and proteasome pathwaysCellular transport and secretion

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Molecular dissection of autophagy: two ubiquitin-like systems

Ohsumi, Yoshinori·2001·Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

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Abstract

Recent analyses of the genes required for autophagy--intracellular bulk protein degradation--in yeast have revealed two ubiquitin-like systems, both of which are involved in the membrane dynamics of the process. Molecular dissection of these systems is now revealing some surprises.

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THE UBIQUITIN SYSTEM
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A protein conjugation system essential for autophagy
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“During macroautophagy, elongation of the isolation membrane requires the E1-like activating enzyme Atg7 and E2-like conjugating enzyme Atg10 to bring Atg12 to Atg5 (an E3-like ligase) which then binds Atg16 to form the Atg12Atg5-Atg16 multimeric complex (Ohsumi, 2001; Kuma et al., 2002).”
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Autophagy Dances with Phytohormones upon Multiple Stresses
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“In yeast, increasing studies have demonstrated that numerous AuTophaGy-related (ATG) genes that mediate macroautophagy are also involved in microautophagy [12], but whether the plant ATG genes are also involved in both processes still remains elusive.”
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Autophagy and Autophagic Cell Death
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“However, only 20 ATG proteins belong to the core autophagic machinery used in every autophagic process, while the remaining ones are specific for certain processes, including selective autophagy (160–162).”
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Isarubrolone C Promotes Autophagic Degradation of Virus Proteins via Activating ATG10S in HepG2 Cells
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JunB condensation attenuates vascular endothelial damage under hyperglycemic condition
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“Upon autophagic induction, the ATG5-ATG12 conjugate forms and functions as an E3-like enzyme to promote ATG8 lipidation for binding to the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the autophagosome membrane (Ohsumi, 2001).”
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Protective effect of shikonin in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by inhibition of autophagy through the Hippo pathway
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Mechanisms mediating propofol protection of pulmonary epithelial cells against lipopolysaccharide‐induced cell death
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Screening and target identification of bioactive compounds that modulate cell migration and autophagy
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The Basics of Autophagy
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Low‐dose rapamycin‐induced autophagy in cochlear outer sulcus cells
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“…and tooze 2020). two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems are central to phagophore expansion and completion: the AtG12–AtG5 conjugation system and the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3–phosphatidylethanolamine (lc3–Pe) conjugation system (ohsumi 2001; Zhang et al. 2022; Ye et al. 2024).”
Lipidation of BmAtg8 is required for autophagic degradation of p62 bodies containing ubiquitinated proteins in the silkworm, Bombyx mori
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“During autophagy, double membrane-bound autophagosome vesicles are formed to enclose and transport cytoplasmic content to the lysosome/vacuole for degradation and recycling (Mizushima et al., 2008 ; Ohsumi, 2001; Qi et al., 2021 ).”
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Protein Prenylation in Plants: Mechanisms and Functional Implications
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“Although the specific functions of MUBs remain largely undefined [3], ubiquitin-fold proteins are known to play significant roles in various cellular processes such as protein degradation [94], SCF complex activation [95], and autophagy [96].”
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“Some of these ATG proteins are related to the UPS, playing crucial roles in the degradation pathway, yet with different roles [22].”

Authors: Ohsumi, Y.
Affiliations: National Institute for Basic Biology (JP)
Corresponding author: Ohsumi, Yoshinori
ORCID: Ohsumi, Yoshinori
Venue: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2001-03
Volume: 2
Issue: 3
Pages: 211-216
ISSN: 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
1471-0080
DOI: 10.1038/35056522
OpenAlex: W2792139654
Cited by: 1,240
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 7.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
Keywords: autophagy, ubiquitin-like proteins, membrane dynamics, yeast, autophagy-related genes
MeSH terms: Autophagy-Related Protein 8 Family, Autophagy-Related Protein 7, Autophagy, Lysosomes, Microscopy, Electron, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Models, Biological, Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ubiquitins, Vacuoles, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

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Molecular dissection of autophagy: two ubiquitin-like systems

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