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Molecular dissection of autophagy: two ubiquitin-like systems
Abstract
Recent analyses of the genes required for autophagy--intracellular bulk protein degradation--in yeast have revealed two ubiquitin-like systems, both of which are involved in the membrane dynamics of the process. Molecular dissection of these systems is now revealing some surprises.
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“One universal activator of autophagy is a decrease in nutrient availability and this stimulation occurs, at least in part, by the inhibition of TOR (target of rapamycin) signalling 74 .”
From The common biology of cancer and ageing (2007) · cites this paper as [74]
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Two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems essential for autophagy
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“Without going into much detail, the biogenesis of autophagic vesicles involves 35 autophagy-related genes and proteins (Atg) that form two unique ubiquitin-like conjugation systems: The Atg12Atg5 and the MAP1LC3 (microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 or LC3 or Atg8)-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) conjugat…”
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“Upon activation of class III PI3-kinase, Atg12-Atg5 conjugate and microtubule-associated protein LC3, a mammalian homologue of Atg8, are recruited to the isolation membrane, which sequesters cytoplasmic materials (Ohsumi, 2001).”
Oxidative Stress and Autophagy in Cardiac Disease, Neurological Disorders, Aging and Cancer
Essick, E. E., & Sam, F. (2010) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.4161/oxim.3.3.12106 · Cited by 251
Hemelaar, J., Lelyveld, V. S., Kessler, B. M., & Ploegh, H. L. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m308762200 · Cited by 210
The Impact of Autophagy on Cell Death Modalities
Ryter, S. W., Mizumura, K., & Choi, A. M. K. (2014) · International Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1155/2014/502676 · Cited by 256
Aging: Central role for autophagy and the lysosomal degradative system
Rajawat, Y. S., Hilioti, Z., & Bossis, I. (2009) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2009.05.001 · Cited by 254
PIKfyve Regulation of Endosome‐Linked Pathways
Lartigue, J. D., Polson, H. E. J., Feldman, M. E., Shokat, K. M., Tooze, S. A., Urbé, S., & Clague, M. J. (2009) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00915.x · Cited by 243
“One signature for the accumulation of autophagosomes is the enrichment of a faster migrating form (LC3 II) of the autophagy protein LC3, following its conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (31).”
BackgroundJackson, P. K. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.955501 · Cited by 244
Nix directly binds to GABARAP: A possible crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy
Schwarten, M., Mohrlüder, J., Ma, P., Stoldt, M., Thielmann, Y., Stangler, T., Hersch, N., Hoffmann, B., Merkel, R., & Willbold, D. (2009) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.5.5.8494 · Cited by 224
“A DNA fragment coding for Nix∆C (1-187) and Nix∆C(W36A) respectively was amplified by PCR and cloned into the vector pGEX-4T-2 (Amersham) using BamHI and XhoI restriction sites introduced by PCR.”
MethodAutophagy in Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Xu, Y., & Eissa, N. T. (2010) · Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/pats.200909-103js · Cited by 243
“Execution of autophagy is mediated by a ubiquitination-like system that involves two key covalent conjugation pathways (3).”
BackgroundAutophagy in neurons: a review.
Larsen, K. E., & Sulzer, D. (2002) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-17.897 · Cited by 245
Does autophagy have a license to kill mammalian cells?
Scarlatti, F., Granata, R., Meijer, A. J., & Codogno, P. (2008) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.101 · Cited by 248
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle
Béchet, D., Tassa, A., Taillandier, D., Combaret, L., & Attaix, D. (2005) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029 · Cited by 259
“The second complex contains class III ph hoinositide 3-kinase (PI3KIII , or phosphatidylinosito -kinase), and Beclin1 (mammalian Atg6) (Kihara, abeya, Ohsumi, & Yoshimori, 2001; Kihara, No shihara, & Ohsumi, 2001).”
BackgroundAutophagy: molecular mechanisms, physiological functions and relevance in human pathology
Mariño, G., & López-Otı́n, C. (2004) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-004-4012-4 · Cited by 240
“Autophagy pathways can be classified into at least three different types: macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .”
BackgroundKim, J., Huang, W.-P., Stromhaug, P. E., & Klionsky, D. J. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109134200 · Cited by 272
STRØMHAUG, P. E., Reggiori, F., Guan, J., Wang, C.-W., & Klionsky, D. J. (2004) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e04-02-0147 · Cited by 238
“One possible explanation for the reduced lipidation of Atg8 seen in the atg21 strain would be a defect in the enzymes that carry out the posttranslational modifications of Atg8 (reviewed in Ohsumi 2001).”
BackgroundWhen autophagy meets cancer through p62/SQSTM1.
Puissant, A., Fenouille, N., & Auberger, P. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 236
Cloning and enzymatic analysis of 22 novel human ubiquitin-specific proteases
Quesada, V., Díaz‐Perales, A., Gutiérrez‐Fernández, A., Garabaya, C., Cal, S., & López-Otı́n, C. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.050 · Cited by 235
Dynamic Regulation of the 26S Proteasome: From Synthesis to Degradation
Marshall, R. S., & Vierstra, R. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2019.00040 · Cited by 243
“These are traditionally classified into distinct biochemical and functional groups that act at specific stages during autophagy, and include: (i) the Atg1 serine/threonine kinase complex that initiates autophagy in response to upstream signals from nutrient-sensitive kinases, such as Snf1 and Tor1/2; (ii) the Atg9 tra…”
BackgroundDNA DEGRADATION IN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
Nagata, S. (2004) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115811 · Cited by 234
Alvers, A. L., Fishwick, L. K., Wood, M. S., Hu, D., Chung, H. S., Dunn, W. A., & Aris, J. P. (2009) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00469.x · Cited by 234
“Autophagy was assayed using a GFP-Atg8p chimeric reporter protein that is proteolytically processed in an autophagy-dependent manner (Kim et al., 2001; Klionsky et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of Oxidative Stress in Stem, Cancer, and Cancer Stem Cells
Dayem, A. A., Choi, H.-Y., Kim, J., & Cho, S. (2010) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers2020859 · Cited by 232
“It is classified as Type II programmed cell death [106].”
BackgroundAutophagic programmed cell death in Drosophila
Baehrecke, E. H. (2003) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401280 · Cited by 229
Metadata
- Authors
- Ohsumi, Y.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Basic Biology (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Ohsumi, Yoshinori
- ORCID
- Ohsumi, Yoshinori
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2001-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 211-216
- ISSN
- 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0080
- OpenAlex
- W2792139654
- Cited by
- 1,240
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 7.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Keywords
- autophagy, ubiquitin-like proteins, membrane dynamics, yeast, autophagy-related genes
- MeSH terms
- Autophagy-Related Protein 8 Family, Autophagy-Related Protein 7, Autophagy, Lysosomes, Microscopy, Electron, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Models, Biological, Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ubiquitins, Vacuoles, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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