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Molecular dissection of autophagy: two ubiquitin-like systems
Abstract
Recent analyses of the genes required for autophagy--intracellular bulk protein degradation--in yeast have revealed two ubiquitin-like systems, both of which are involved in the membrane dynamics of the process. Molecular dissection of these systems is now revealing some surprises.
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“One universal activator of autophagy is a decrease in nutrient availability and this stimulation occurs, at least in part, by the inhibition of TOR (target of rapamycin) signalling 74 .”
From The common biology of cancer and ageing (2007) · cites this paper as [74]
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“LC3 is conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) through an enzymatic cascade involving ATG7 (as an E1-like enzyme), ATG3 (as an E2-like enzyme) and ATG5-12-16 complex, and and is located on autophagosomal membranes after posttranslational modifications [18; 21; 22].”
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“Simultaneously, ATG8phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is inserted into the membrane of the expanding phagophore via a ubiquitin-like conjugation pathway (Ohsumi, 2001; Minina et al., 2018).”
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BackgroundAutophagy in Alcohol-Induced Multiorgan Injury: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets
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BackgroundMulti-Modal Biological Destruction by Cold Atmospheric Plasma: Capability and Mechanism
Yan, D., Malyavko, A., Wang, Q., Ostrikov, K., Sherman, J. H., & Keidar, M. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9091259 · Cited by 55
Yoshimura, K., Shibata, M., Koike, M., Gotoh, K., Fukaya, M., Watanabe, M., & Uchiyama, Y. (2006) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.2744 · Cited by 53
Hilgert, N., Huentelman, M. J., Thorburn, A. Q., Fransén, E., Dieltjens, N., Mueller‐Malesińska, M., Pollak, A., Skórka, A., Waligora, J., Płoski, R., et al. (2008) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.201 · Cited by 53
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A novel mechanism of XIAP degradation induced by timosaponin AIII in hepatocellular carcinoma
Wang, N., Feng, Y., Zhu, M., Siu, F., Ng, K., & Che, C. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.018 · Cited by 52
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“Autophagy is a conserved lysosome-based dynamic intracellular degradative process that plays an important role in regulating cellular homeostasis and responding to changes in nutrient status [1, 2].”
BackgroundShvets, E., & Elazar, Z. (2008) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.6823 · Cited by 43
Brinar, M., Vermeire, S., Cleynen, I., Lemmens, B., Sagaert, X., Henckaerts, L., Assche, G. V., Geboes, K. J., Rutgeerts, P. J., & Hertogh, G. D. (2011) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2011.06.008 · Cited by 51
D’Antonio, M., Feltri, M. L., & Wrabetz, L. G. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22066 · Cited by 51
“Autophagy is defined as the process by which a portion of cytosol or organelle is sequestered in a double membrane structure called the autophagosome, which then fuses with lysosomes (Ohsumi, 2001).”
BackgroundThe Role of Macroautophagy in Development of Filamentous Fungi
Bartoszewska, M., & Kiel, J. A. K. W. (2010) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3528 · Cited by 52
“Phagophore formation involves two sets of proteins that each participate in two ubiquitin conjugation-like reactions (92).”
Castino, R., Davies, J., Beaucourt, S. M., Isidoro, C., & Murphy, D. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-3162fje · Cited by 50
“While it is not difficult to imagine that autophagy, a process involving massive intracellular degradation, might promote neuronal death (31), this is contradicted by the similarly axiomatic concept that mammalian autophagy, as in yeast (32), is a prosurvival mechanism.”
BackgroundA truncating mutation in the autophagy gene UVRAG drives inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice
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The Function of Autophagy as a Regulator of Melanin Homeostasis
Lee, K. W., Kim, M.-J., Lee, S. H., & Kim, K. D. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11132085 · Cited by 53
Autophagy in CD4+ T-cell immunity and tolerance
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The involvement of cellular prion protein in the autophagy pathway in neuronal cells
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The Intriguing Life of Autophagosomes
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“Then, the E1 enzyme, Atg7 activates the processed LC3 and transfers it to Atg3 (functions like E2 enzyme).”
BackgroundInfluentialAtg9A Protein, an Autophagy-related Membrane Protein, Is Localized in the Neurons of Mouse Brains
Tamura, H., Shibata, M., Koike, M., Sasaki, M., & Uchiyama, Y. (2010) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1369/jhc.2010.955690 · Cited by 43
“These structures either receive lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes via transporting vesicles from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or fuse with lysosomes to become autolysosomes (Klionsky and Emr 2000; Ohsumi 2001; Uchiyama et al. 2008).”
BackgroundLithium promotes recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury by inducing autophagy
Zhang, D., Wang, F., Zhai, X., Li, X.-H., & He, X.-J. (2018) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.241473 · Cited by 49
“Although lithium has been widely used for safely and effectively treating neuropsychiatric disorders, it is rarely used for acute SCI (Ohsumi, 2001; Chang et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2013; Duo and He, 2015; Hou et al., 2015; Seo et al., 2015; Quartini et al., 2016; Zhou et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodThe role of FOXOs and autophagy in cancer and metastasis—Implications in therapeutic development
Farhan, M., Silva, M., Li, S., Yan, F., Fang, J., Peng, T., Hu, J., Tsao, M., Little, P. J., & Zheng, W. (2020) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21695 · Cited by 50
“Continued expansion of the autophagosomal membrane is regulated by the conjugation of essential autophagy genes Atg5 to Atg12 and of microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha (LC3) to phosphatylethanolamine (PE), forming LC3‐PE conjugate (also known as LC3‐II).(119,123,126) The engulfment of the cytoplasmat…”
BackgroundInterplay between the Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Ubiquitin-Mediated Autophagy in Plants
Su, T., Yang, M., Wang, P., Zhao, Y., & Ma, C. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9102219 · Cited by 49
“This process starts with the cleavage of the ubiquitin-like protein ATG8 by the Cys protease ATG4 to expose a conserved C-terminal glycine, which is essential for the subsequent conjugation reaction [61,63].”
BackgroundAdenovirus Degradation of Cellular Proteins
Schreiner, S., Wimmer, P., & Dobner, T. (2012) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.11.153 · Cited by 53
Davies, J., & Murphy, D. (2002) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00822.x · Cited by 49
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Sasaki, M., Miyakoshi, M., Sato, Y., & Nakanuma, Y. (2011) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-011-1929-y · Cited by 49
“Autophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) in human diseases has been highlighted during the last decade (12-14) and recent data demonstrated that autophagy is”
BackgroundInfluentialUbiquitin-like proteins and autophagy at a glance
Shpilka, T., Mizushima, N., & Elazar, Z. (2012) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.093757 · Cited by 53
“This complex is essential for the formation and elongation of the autophagosome (Mizushima et al., 2001) and orthologs of this system, with the respective functionality, are found in yeast and mammals (Ohsumi, 2001).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ohsumi, Y.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Basic Biology (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Ohsumi, Yoshinori
- ORCID
- Ohsumi, Yoshinori
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2001-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 211-216
- ISSN
- 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0080
- OpenAlex
- W2792139654
- Cited by
- 1,240
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 7.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Keywords
- autophagy, ubiquitin-like proteins, membrane dynamics, yeast, autophagy-related genes
- MeSH terms
- Autophagy-Related Protein 8 Family, Autophagy-Related Protein 7, Autophagy, Lysosomes, Microscopy, Electron, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Models, Biological, Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ubiquitins, Vacuoles, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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