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Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli

Mirenowicz, Jacques, Schultz, Wolfram·1996·Nature

DOI 10.1038/379449a0

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Abstract

Midbrain dopamine systems are crucially involved in motivational processes underlying the learning and execution of goal-directed behaviour. Dopamine neurons in monkeys are uniformly activated by unpredicted appetitive stimuli such as food and liquid rewards and conditioned, reward-predicting stimuli. By contrast, fully predicted stimuli are ineffective, and the omission of predicted reward depresses their activity. These characteristics follow associative-learning rules, suggesting that dopamine responses report an error in reward prediction. Accordingly, neural network models are efficiently trained using a dopamine-like reinforcement signal. However, it is unknown whether the responses to environmental stimuli concern specific motivational attributes or reflect more general stimulus salience. To resolve this, we have compared dopamine impulse responses to motivationally opposing appetitive and aversive stimuli. In contrast to appetitive events, primary and conditioned non-noxious aversive stimuli either failed to activate dopamine neurons or, in cases of close resemblance with appetitive stimuli, induced weaker responses than appetitive stimuli. Thus, dopamine neurons preferentially report environmental stimuli with appetitive rather than aversive motivational value.

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Self-citation

Authors: Mirenowicz, J., & Schultz, W.
Affiliations: University of Fribourg (CH)
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1996-02
Volume: 379
Issue: 6564
Pages: 449-451
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/379449a0
OpenAlex: W1979640215
Cited by: 829
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 45
FWCI: 11.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: midbrain dopaminergic neurons, appetitive stimuli, aversive stimuli, reward prediction error, motivational value, stimulus salience, reinforcement learning, goal-directed behavior
MeSH terms: Animals, Haplorhini, Appetitive Behavior, Avoidance Learning, Dopamine, Mesencephalon, Neurons

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Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli

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