Thinking from the Gut
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Bifidobacterium strains have generated the best results in gut-brain axis research.
“Bifidobacterium strains, which is common in the gut flora of many mammals, including humans, have generated the best results [134] though more research is needed to better understand the gut-brain axis.”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [166]
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Clark, A., & Mach, N. (2016) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
“Currently, Bifidobacterium strains, which are common in the gut microbiota of many mammals, including humans, have generated the best results [166].”
BackgroundAnticancer effects of the microbiome and its products
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Gram-negative bacterial molecules associate with Alzheimer disease pathology
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A Comprehensive Review on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Human Neurological Disorders
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The Possible Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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A meta-analysis of the use of probiotics to alleviate depressive symptoms
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“It is also thought that exposure to microbial species found in natural environments positively influences human immune responses and can affect mental well-being (Schmidt 2015).”
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Neuroinflammation, gut microbiome, and Alzheimer's disease
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Microbiota and Neurological Disorders: A Gut Feeling
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Psychobiotics: A new approach for treating mental illness?
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Biogenic Amines: Signals Between Commensal Microbiota and Gut Physiology
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Efficacy of Probiotics for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
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“…is believed that both the gut microbiome and the gutbrain axis play an important role in the bidirectional signaling between the brain and the gut (Schmidt, 2015) through the neurological, endocrine, and immune pathways (Carabotti et al., 2015), especially via the former two pathways (Ng et al.,…”
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Beneficial Microbes: The pharmacy in the gut
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Abnormal synaptic pruning during adolescence underlying the development of psychotic disorders
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Metabolomics and microbiomes as potential tools to evaluate the effects of the Mediterranean diet
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The what, how and why of archaeological coprolite analysis
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“…into the microorganisms that occupy the digestive tract - collectively known as the gut microbiota - have excelled, due to the recognition that the profile of microbes living in us have immense implications for human health, mood (Schmidt 2015) and behaviour (Johnson and Foster 2018).”
BackgroundQu, W., Liu, S., Zhang, W., Zhu, H., Tao, Q., Wang, H., & Yan, H. (2019) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c9fo00399a · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Affective immunology: where emotions and the immune response converge
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The microbiome of the built environment and mental health
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“Individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders may have physiological differences that affect the skin [105] and mucosal [106, 107] microbiomes, which in turn may alter the MoBE.”
BackgroundThe microbiome as a novel paradigm in studying stress and mental health.
Liu, R. T. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000058 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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Dysbiotic drift: mental health, environmental grey space, and microbiota
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Crosstalk between the Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy: From the Perspective of Gut Microbiota
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The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression
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The gut microbiome in drug‐resistant epilepsy
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“In recent years, many researchers have offered new insights into mental health problems from the perspective of the gut microbiome [75].”
BackgroundMaking sense of gut feelings in the traumatic brain injury pathogenesis
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“An increasing line of evidence indicates that gut microbiota plays an important role in brain-gut interaction and behavioral outcome by producing metabolites, hormones and immune factors (Schmidt, 2015).”
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“pathways or via direct activation of glial and neural cells that carry Toll-like receptors (30,31).”
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Quorum Sensing Peptides Selectively Penetrate the Blood-Brain Barrier
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“Although current research mainly focuses on the role of neuroactive compounds such as neurotransmitters and metabolites, produced by the bacteria and acting on the brain [23–25]; the possible role of the quorum sensing peptides on these diseases deserves exploration, judging from the known exceptional activities of ot…”
BackgroundRole of gut microbiota in brain function and stress-related pathology
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“It has been recognized that gut microbiota appears to significantly interact with the nervous system through the gut–brain axis, a communication channel between gut and central nervous system (Forsythe et al. 2010; Schmidt 2015).”
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“The body’s natural array of microbes may alter brain functions in beneficial ways to decrease anxiety, depression and other mood disorders (Schmidt, 2015; Mayer et al., 2014).”
BackgroundGut thinking: the gut microbiome and mental health beyond the head
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Enteric Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis from the Perspective of Nuclear Receptors
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“, dysbiosis has been found to be strongly associated with these conditions [2].”
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The gut microbiota: emerging biomarkers and potential treatments for infertility-related diseases
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Gut brain regulation using psychobiotics for improved neuropsychological illness
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The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis in Vertebrates: Gut Microbiota Effect, a Review
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Neuro-Immuno-Gene- and Genome-Editing-Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: Are We There Yet?
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“axis [186, 187], neuroimaging [188] and robust,”
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The evolution of paternal care: a role for microbes?
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“Potential candidate microbes, such as Lactobacillus [35] and bifidobacteria [36], have been shown to impactmood oremotional behaviour and could be associated with paternal care.”
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Human Microbiome Engineering: The Future and Beyond
Kali, A. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/14946.6570 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“This increases the possibilities of identifying newer antibiotics and bio-active molecules [7].”
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The gut-microbiota-brain axis in autism: what Drosophila models can offer?
Salim, S., Banu, A., Alwa, A., Gowda, S. B. M., & Mohammad, F. (2021) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-021-09378-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The gut-microbiota-brain axis (GUMBA) is a bidirectional communication between the GM and the brain with multiple routes and mechanisms, including neural, endocrine, and immune pathways [4, 5].”
BackgroundLin, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, K., Wang, J., Kou, S., Chen, K., Zheng, W., & Chen, R. (2023) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03184-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Available evidence elucidates the mechanism of action of the microbiota–gut–brain axis: The brain acts on the digestive system and its immune functions, shaping the diversity and composition of gut microbes, which produce neurotransmitters and metabolites that feedback into the brain [63].”
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Relationships Among Gut Microbiota, Ischemic Stroke and Its Risk Factors: Based on Research Evidence
Huang, Q., Cai, G., Liu, T., & Liu, Z. (2022) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s353276 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Meranzin hydrate elicits antidepressant effects and restores reward circuitry
Liu, X., Zhou, J., Zhang, T., Chen, K., Xu, M., Wu, L., Liu, J., Huang, Y., Nie, B., Shen, X., et al. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112898 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Anderson, R. C., Bassett, S. A., Haggarty, N. W., et al. (2016) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11803 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota and Human Health: Insights From Ecological Restoration
Orr, M. R., Kocurek, K. M., & Young, D. L. (2018) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/698021 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Conversely, gut microbes are known to affect host behavioral and psychological states (Schmidt 2015), which may influence gut health via stress or food choices.”
BackgroundReticulate evolution underlies synergistic trait formation in human communities
Gontier, N., & Sukhoverkhov, A. V. (2022) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21962 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Are Postbiotics the Long Sought-After Solution for a Leaky Gut?
Anderson, R. C. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz171 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pathomechanisms of Non-Traumatic Acute Brain Injury in Critically Ill Patients
Dąbrowski, W., Siwicka-Gieroba, D., Gasińska-Błotniak, M., Zaid, S., Jezierska, M., Pakulski, C., Roberson, S. W., Ely, E. W., & Kotfis, K. (2020) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina56090469 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Gut-Brain Axis and Mental Health: How Diet Shapes Our Cognitive and Emotional Well-Being
Patil, S., & Mehdi, S. S. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.88420 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Nutritional interventions such as diets rich in antioxidants like vitamins C and E, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids have shown promise in alleviating mental health symptoms by enhancing microbial diversity and fortifying the gut-brain connection [56-58].”
Umeano, L., Iftikhar, S., Alhaddad, S. F., Paulsingh, C. N., Riaz, M. F., Garg, G., & Mohammed, L. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.58306 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics and human neuropsychiatric outcomes: an umbrella review
Du, Q., Li, Q., Liu, C., Liao, G., Li, J., Yang, J., Zhang, Q., Gong, X., & Li, K. (2017) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.1163/18762891-bja00035 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schmidt, C.
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, Charles
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-02-25
- Volume
- 518
- Issue
- 7540
- Pages
- S12-S14
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1982594769
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 7.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, psychobiotics, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, gut-brain axis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Autistic Disorder, Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Depression, Germ-Free Life, Humans, Immune System, Intestines, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mental Health, Personality, Stress, Psychological, Symbiosis, Vagus Nerve, Yogurt, Citalopram, Neurotransmitter Agents, Probiotics, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Mice, Microbiota
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