The genetic and epigenetic basis of type 2 diabetes and obesity
Open accessAbstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are complex disorders that constitute major public health problems. The evidence for familial aggregation of both T2D and obesity is substantial. To date, more than 150 genetic loci are associated with the development of monogenic, syndromic, or multifactorial forms of T2D or obesity. However, the proportion of overall trait variance explained by these associated loci is modest (~5-10% for T2D, ~2% for body mass index (BMI)). Some of the familial aggregation not attributable to known genetic variation, as well as many of the effects of environmental exposures, may reflect epigenetic processes. In this review, we discuss the evidence concerning the genetic contribution to individual risk of T2D and obesity, and explore the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms. We also explain how genetics, epigenetics, and environment are likely to interact to define the individual risk of disease.
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Epigenetic mechanisms can be active during fetal, postnatal, and adult life and impact expression of select genes associated with T2D.
“Such mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation and histone modifications) can be active during fetal as well as postnatal and adult life and impact the level of expression of select genes associated with T2D ( 14 ).”
From β-Cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes: Postulated Mechanisms and Prospects for Prevention and Treatment (2014) · cites this paper as [14]
Evidence that epigenetic changes drive metabolic inflexibility in humans is emerging.
“Evidence that epigenetic changes drive metabolic inflexibility in humans is emerging (127).”
From Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [127]
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The effects of LY2405319, an FGF21 analog, in obese human subjects with type 2 diabetes
Gaich, G., Chien, J. Y., Fu, H., Glass, L. C., Deeg, M. A., Holland, W. L., Kharitonenkov, A., Bumol, T., Schilske, H. K., & Moller, D. E. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.08.005 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease
Smith, R. L., Soeters, M. R., Wüst, R. C. I., & Houtkooper, R. H. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2017-00211 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
β-Cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes: Postulated Mechanisms and Prospects for Prevention and Treatment
Halban, P. A., Polonsky, K. S., Bowden, D. W., Hawkins, M. A., Ling, C., Mather, K. J., Powers, A. C., Rhodes, C. J., Sussel, L., & Weir, G. C. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-0396 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
“, DNA methylation and histone modifications) can be active during fetal as well as postnatal and adult life and impact the level of expression of select genes associated with T2D (14).”
BackgroundDemerath, E. W., Guan, W., Grove, M. L., Aslibekyan, S., Mendelson, M., Zhou, Y.-H., Hedman, Å. K., Sandling, J. K., Li, L.-A., Irvin, M. R., et al. (2015) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddv161 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Hidalgo, B., Irvin, M. R., Sha, J., Zhi, D., Aslibekyan, S., Absher, D., Tiwari, H. K., Kabagambe, E. K., Ordovas, J. M., & Arnett, D. K. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1100 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Possible Adverse Effects of High-Dose Nicotinamide: Mechanisms and Safety Assessment
Hwang, E., & Song, S. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10050687 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
on behalf of the First Nations Lung Health Team, Dyck, R. F., Karunanayake, C., Janzen, B., Lawson, J., Ramsden, V. R., Rennie, D. C., Gardipy, P. J., McCallum, L., Abonyi, S., et al. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2551-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Drong, A. W., Lindgren, C. M., & McCarthy, M. I.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McCarthy, M I
- Venue
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-10-10
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 707-715
- ISSN
- 0009-9236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6535
- PMC
- PMC7116747
- OpenAlex
- W2069895399
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (086596, 086596/Z/08/Z, 093933, 090532, 093933/Z/10/Z)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, obesity, genetic susceptibility, epigenetics, genetic loci, body mass index, familial aggregation, gene-environment interaction, disease risk
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Obesity, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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