Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution
Abstract
Waist-hip ratio (WHR) is a measure of body fat distribution and a predictor of metabolic consequences independent of overall adiposity. WHR is heritable, but few genetic variants influencing this trait have been identified. We conducted a meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide association studies for WHR adjusted for body mass index (comprising up to 77,167 participants), following up 16 loci in an additional 29 studies (comprising up to 113,636 subjects). We identified 13 new loci in or near RSPO3, VEGFA, TBX15-WARS2, NFE2L3, GRB14, DNM3-PIGC, ITPR2-SSPN, LY86, HOXC13, ADAMTS9, ZNRF3-KREMEN1, NISCH-STAB1 and CPEB4 (P = 1.9 × 10⁻⁹ to P = 1.8 × 10⁻⁴⁰) and the known signal at LYPLAL1. Seven of these loci exhibited marked sexual dimorphism, all with a stronger effect on WHR in women than men (P for sex difference = 1.9 × 10⁻³ to P = 1.2 × 10⁻¹³). These findings provide evidence for multiple loci that modulate body fat distribution independent of overall adiposity and reveal strong gene-by-sex interactions.
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The waist-hip ratio variants used by Gao et al. were adjusted for body mass index, which the authors do not seem to acknowledge.
“The WHR variants used by Gao and colleagues were adjusted for BMI, which the authors do not seem to acknowledge.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
From the original papers, the instrument for adult body mass index is stronger than for the other traits (R2 for adult body mass index, birthweight, child body mass index and waist-hip ratio are 0.027, 0.008, 0.020 and 0.013, respectively).
“From the original papers it can be seen that the instrument for adult BMI is stronger than for the other traits (the respective R 2 for adult BMI, birthweight, child BMI and WHR, are: 0.027, 0.008, 0.020 and 0.013;”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
Seven of the 14 waist-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index variants used by Gao et al. were stronger in females compared with males, with 19 of the 44 variants in the more up-to-date GWAS being stronger in females (and one stronger in males).
“Seven of the 14 WHR adjusted for BMI variants used by Gao and colleagues were stronger in females compared with males ( Table 2 ), with 19 of the 44 variants in the more up-to-date GWAS being stronger in females (and one stronger in males).”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
Gao et al. seem to have used sex-combined results for determining effects of waist-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index, despite the original GWAS paper examining and finding sex differences.
“What is more surprising is that they seem to have also used sex-combined results for determining effects of WHR adjusted for BMI, despite the fact that it is clear from the title of the original GWAS paper that sex differences were examined and found 19 ( Table 2 ).”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
In both GWAS, the per allele effect of the genetic instrument on waist-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index is notably stronger in females than males.
“In both GWAS, the results of the per allele effect of the genetic instrument on WHR adjusted for BMI is notably stronger in females than males.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
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Cordon-bleu is a conserved gene involved in neural tube formation
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Self-citationCommon Sequence Variation in the VEGFA Gene Predicts Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy
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Role of TLR4/MD-2 and RP105/MD-1 in Innate Recognition of Lipopolysaccharide
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Self-citationIncreased adipose tissue expression of Grb14 in several models of insulin resistance
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LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies
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Self-citationRichness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers
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A comprehensive 1000 Genomes–based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease
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Self-citationLarge-scale association analysis identifies new risk loci for coronary artery disease
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Self-citationNew genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution
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Self-citationGenome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
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Self-citationGenomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity
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Self-citationIdentification of seven loci affecting mean telomere length and their association with disease
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Self-citationCommentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges
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Biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling
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Meta-analysis methods for genome-wide association studies and beyond
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Self-citationNew IBD genetics: common pathways with other diseases
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Self-citationMetabolically healthy versus metabolically unhealthy obesity
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Microbiota conservation and BMI signatures in adult monozygotic twins
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Self-citationGenetic variation near IRS1 associates with reduced adiposity and an impaired metabolic profile
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Self-citationAdjusting for Heritable Covariates Can Bias Effect Estimates in Genome-Wide Association Studies
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The genetic and epigenetic basis of type 2 diabetes and obesity
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Self-citationSIRT3 regulates mitochondrial protein acetylation and intermediary metabolism
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Latest approaches for the treatment of obesity
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Self-citationSignatures of archaic adaptive introgression in present-day human populations
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Insights into assessing the genetics of endometriosis
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Self-citationGenomic Evidence for Bacterial Determinants Influencing Obesity Development
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- Authors
- MAGIC, Heid, I. M., Jackson, A. U., Randall, J. C., Winkler, T. W., Qi, L., Steinthorsdottir, V., Thorleifsson, G., Zillikens, M. C., Speliotes, E. K., Mägi, R., Workalemahu, T., White, C. C., Bouatia-Naji, N., Harris, T. B., Berndt, S. I., Ingelsson, E., Willer, C. J., Weedon, M. N., Luan, J., Vedantam, S., Esko, T., Kilpeläinen, T. O., Kutalik, Z., Li, S., Monda, K. L., Dixon, A. L., Holmes, C. C., Kaplan, L. M., Liang, L., Min, J. L., Moffatt, M. F., Molony, C., Nicholson, G., Schadt, E. E., Zondervan, K. T., Feitosa, M. F., Ferreira, T., Allen, H. L., Weyant, R. J., Wheeler, E., Wood, A. R., Estrada, K., Goddard, M. E., Lettre, G., Mangino, M., Nyholt, D. R., Purcell, S., Smith, A. V., Visscher, P. M., Yang, J., McCarroll, S. A., Nemesh, J., Voight, B. F., Absher, D., Amin, N., Aspelund, T., Coin, L., Glazer, N. L., Hayward, C., Heard-Costa, N. L., Hottenga, J.-J., Johansson, Å., Johnson, T., Kaakinen, M., Kapur, K., Ketkar, S., Knowles, J. W., Kraft, P., Kraja, A. T., Lamina, C., Leitzmann, M. F., McKnight, B., Morris, A. P., Ong, K. K., Perry, J. R. B., Peters, M. J., Polasek, O., Prokopenko, I., Rayner, N. W., Ripatti, S., Rivadeneira, F., Robertson, N. R., Sanna, S., Sovio, U., Surakka, I., Teumer, A., van Wingerden, S., Vitart, V., Zhao, J. H., Cavalcanti-Proença, C., Chines, P. S., Fisher, E., Kulzer, J. R., Lecoeur, C., Narisu, N., Sandholt, C., Scott, L. J., Silander, K., Stark, K., Tammesoo, M.-L., Teslovich, T. M., Timpson, N. J., Watanabe, R. M., Welch, R., Chasman, D. I., Cooper, M. N., Jansson, J.-O., Kettunen, J., Lawrence, R. W., Pellikka, N., Perola, M., Vandenput, L., Alavere, H., Almgren, P., Atwood, L. D., Bennett, A. J., Biffar, R., Bonnycastle, L. L., Bornstein, S. R., Buchanan, T. A., Campbell, H., Day, I. N. M., Dei, M., Dörr, M., Elliott, P., Erdos, M. R., Eriksson, J. G., Freimer, N. B., Fu, M., Gaget, S., Geus, E. J. C., Gjesing, A. P., Grallert, H., Gräßler, J., Groves, C. J., Guiducci, C., Hartikainen, A.-L., Hassanali, N., Havulinna, A. S., Herzig, K.-H., Hicks, A. A., Hui, J., Igl, W., Jousilahti, P., Jula, A., Kajantie, E., Kinnunen, L., Kolcic, I., Koskinen, S., Kovacs, P., Kroemer, H. K., Krzelj, V., Kuusisto, J., Kvaloy, K., Laitinen, J., Lantieri, O., Lathrop, G. M., Lokki, M.-L., Luben, R. N., Ludwig, B., McArdle, W. L., McCarthy, A., Morken, M. A., Nelis, M., Neville, M. J., Paré, G., Parker, A. N., Peden, J. F., Pichler, I., Pietiläinen, K. H., Platou, C. G. P., Pouta, A., Ridderstråle, M., Samani, N. J., Saramies, J., Sinisalo, J., Smit, J. H., Strawbridge, R. J., Stringham, H. M., Swift, A. J., Teder-Laving, M., Thomson, B., Usala, G., van Meurs, J. B. J., van Ommen, G.-J., Vatin, V., Volpato, C. B., Wallaschofski, H., Walters, G. B., Widen, E., Wild, S. H., Willemsen, G., Witte, D. R., Zgaga, L., Zitting, P., Beilby, J. P., James, A. L., Kähönen, M., Lehtimäki, T., Nieminen, M. S., Ohlsson, C., Palmer, L. J., Raitakari, O., Ridker, P. M., Stumvoll, M., Tönjes, A., Viikari, J., Balkau, B., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Bergman, R. N., Boeing, H., Smith, G. D., Ebrahim, S., Froguel, P., Hansen, T., Hengstenberg, C., Hveem, K., Isomaa, B., Jørgensen, T., Karpe, F., Khaw, K.-T., Laakso, M., Lawlor, D. A., Marre, M., Meitinger, T., Metspalu, A., Midthjell, K., Pedersen, O., Salomaa, V., Schwarz, P. E. H., Tuomi, T., Tuomilehto, J., Valle, T. T., Wareham, N. J., Arnold, A. M., Beckmann, J. S., Bergmann, S., Boerwinkle, E., Boomsma, D. I., Caulfield, M. J., Collins, F. S., Eiriksdottir, G., Gudnason, V., Gyllensten, U., Hamsten, A., Hattersley, A. T., Hofman, A., Hu, F. B., Illig, T., Iribarren, C., Jarvelin, M.-R., Kao, W. H. L., Kaprio, J., Launer, L. J., Munroe, P. B., Oostra, B., Penninx, B. W., Pramstaller, P. P., Psaty, B. M., Quertermous, T., Rissanen, A., Rudan, I., Shuldiner, A. R., Soranzo, N., Spector, T. D., Syvanen, A.-C., Uda, M., Uitterlinden, A., Völzke, H., Vollenweider, P., Wilson, J. F., Witteman, J. C., Wright, A. F., Abecasis, G. R., Boehnke, M., Borecki, I. B., Deloukas, P., Frayling, T. M., Groop, L. C., Haritunians, T., Hunter, D. J., Kaplan, R. C., North, K. E., O'Connell, J. R., Peltonen, L., Schlessinger, D., Strachan, D. P., Hirschhorn, J. N., Assimes, T. L., Wichmann, H.-E., Thorsteinsdottir, U., van Duijn, C. M., Stefansson, K., Cupples, L. A., Loos, R. J. F., Barroso, I., McCarthy, M. I., Fox, C. S., Mohlke, K. L., & Lindgren, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Boston University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Addenbrooke's Hospital (GB)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Sage Bionetworks (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- University of Washington (US)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- University of London (GB)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- University of Zagreb (HR)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IT)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
- University of Southern California (US)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Tartu (EE)
- Lund University (SE)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- Universität Greifswald (DE)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- Eurac Research (IT)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
- UC-Institut inter Régional pour la SAnté (FR)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Amgen (United States) (US)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (AU)
- Tampere University Hospital (FI)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Inserm (FR)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Kuopio University Hospital (FI)
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- TUM Klinikum (DE)
- Folkhälsans Forskningscentrum (FI)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (US)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- Western General Hospital (GB)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- München Klinik (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Heid, Iris M
- McCarthy, Mark I
- Fox, Caroline S
- Mohlke, Karen L
- Lindgren, Cecilia M
- ORCID
- Heid, Iris M
- Jackson, Anne U
- Winkler, Thomas W
- Qi, Lu
- Zillikens, M Carola
- Speliotes, Elizabeth K
- Mägi, Reedik
- Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie
- White, Charles C
- Harris, Tamara B
- Berndt, Sonja I
- Ingelsson, Erik
- Willer, Cristen J
- Weedon, Michael N
- Luan, Jian'an
- Vedantam, Sailaja
- Esko, Tõnu
- Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O
- Kutalik, Zoltán
- Li, Shengxu
- Kaplan, Lee M
- Liang, Liming
- Min, Josine L
- Moffatt, Miriam F
- Molony, Cliona
- Zondervan, Krina T
- Feitosa, Mary F
- Ferreira, Teresa
- Allen, Hana Lango
- Weyant, Robert J
- Wheeler, Eleanor
- Wood, Andrew R
- Estrada, Karol
- Goddard, Michael E
- Lettre, Guillaume
- Mangino, Massimo
- Nyholt, Dale R
- Purcell, Shaun
- Smith, Albert Vernon
- Visscher, Peter M
- Yang, Jian
- McCarroll, Steven A
- Voight, Benjamin F
- Amin, Najaf
- Aspelund, Thor
- Coin, Lachlan
- Glazer, Nicole L
- Hayward, Caroline
- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan
- Johansson, Åsa
- Johnson, Toby
- Kaakinen, Marika
- Kapur, Karen
- Ketkar, Shamika
- Knowles, Joshua W
- Kraft, Peter
- Lamina, Claudia
- Leitzmann, Michael F
- Morris, Andrew P
- Ong, Ken K
- Perry, John R B
- Peters, Marjolein J
- Prokopenko, Inga
- Rayner, Nigel W
- Ripatti, Samuli
- Rivadeneira, Fernando
- Sanna, Serena
- Sovio, Ulla
- Surakka, Ida
- Teumer, Alexander
- Zhao, Jing Hua
- Narisu, Narisu
- Scott, Laura J
- Stark, Klaus
- Timpson, Nicholas John
- Watanabe, Richard M
- Welch, Ryan
- Chasman, Daniel I
- Cooper, Matthew N
- Jansson, John-Olov
- Kettunen, Johannes
- Perola, Markus
- Vandenput, Liesbeth
- Alavere, Helene
- Almgren, Peter
- Bennett, Amanda J
- Biffar, Reiner
- Bonnycastle, Lori L
- Bornstein, Stefan R
- Buchanan, Thomas A
- Dei, Mariano
- Dörr, Marcus
- Elliott, Paul
- Erdos, Michael R
- Eriksson, Johan G
- Gaget, Stefan
- Geus, Eco J C
- Gjesing, Anette P
- Grallert, Harald
- Havulinna, Aki S
- Herzig, Karl-Heinz
- Hicks, Andrew A
- Hui, Jennie
- Igl, Wilmar
- Kajantie, Eero
- Kinnunen, Leena
- Kovacs, Peter
- Laitinen, Jaana
- Lokki, Marja-Liisa
- Luben, Robert N
- Ludwig, Barbara
- McArdle, Wendy L
- Nelis, Mari
- Neville, Matt J
- Paré, Guillaume
- Parker, Alex N
- Pichler, Irene
- Pietiläinen, Kirsi H
- Ridderstråle, Martin
- Samani, Nilesh J
- Sinisalo, Juha
- Strawbridge, Rona J
- Stringham, Heather M
- Walters, G Bragi
- Wild, Sarah H
- Willemsen, Gonneke
- Witte, Daniel R
- Zgaga, Lina
- Beilby, John P
- Kähönen, Mika
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Nieminen, Markku S
- Ohlsson, Claes
- Palmer, Lyle J
- Raitakari, Olli
- Ridker, Paul M
- Tönjes, Anke
- Balkau, Beverley
- Bergman, Richard N
- Smith, George Davey
- Ebrahim, Shah
- Froguel, Philippe
- Hansen, Torben
- Hengstenberg, Christian
- Hveem, Kristian
- Jørgensen, Torben
- Karpe, Fredrik
- Khaw, Kay-Tee
- Laakso, Markku
- Lawlor, Debbie A
- Marre, Michel
- Meitinger, Thomas
- Metspalu, Andres
- Pedersen, Oluf
- Salomaa, Veikko
- Schwarz, Peter E H
- Tuomilehto, Jaakko
- Wareham, Nicholas J
- Arnold, Alice M
- Beckmann, Jacques S
- Bergmann, Sven
- Boerwinkle, Eric
- Boomsma, Dorret I
- Caulfield, Mark J
- Collins, Francis S
- Gudnason, Vilmundur
- Gyllensten, Ulf
- Hamsten, Anders
- Hattersley, Andrew T
- Hu, Frank B
- Iribarren, Carlos
- Kao, W H Linda
- Kaprio, Jaakko
- Launer, Lenore J
- Munroe, Patricia B
- Penninx, Brenda W
- Pramstaller, Peter P
- Psaty, Bruce M
- Quertermous, Thomas
- Rudan, Igor
- Shuldiner, Alan R
- Soranzo, Nicole
- Uda, Manuela
- Uitterlinden, André
- Völzke, Henry
- Wilson, James F
- Abecasis, Gonçalo R
- Boehnke, Michael
- Borecki, Ingrid B
- Deloukas, Panos
- Frayling, Timothy M
- Groop, Leif C
- Haritunians, Talin
- Kaplan, Robert C
- North, Kari E
- Peltonen, Leena
- Schlessinger, David
- Strachan, David P
- Hirschhorn, Joel N
- Assimes, Themistocles L
- Wichmann, H-Erich
- Cupples, L Adrienne
- Loos, Ruth J F
- Barroso, Inês
- McCarthy, Mark I
- Fox, Caroline S
- Mohlke, Karen L
- Lindgren, Cecilia M
- Venue
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2010-10-10
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 949-960
- ISSN
- 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1718
- OpenAlex
- W2150806217
- Cited by
- 931
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 96
- FWCI
- 49.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2011-10-27)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Genetics (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (068545/Z/02), 091746/Z/10/Z, 072960, 083270, 085235, 081682, 077011, 075491, 064890, 088885, 086596, 077016, 079557, 068545, 085301, WT086596/Z/08/Z, 077016/Z/05/Z, 079895, 090532, 091746, 076113/B/04/Z, 089061, 076113)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0508-10212)
- British Heart Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (122661)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (904-61-090, 911-03-012, 175.010.200)
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (263-MA-410953)
- Medical Research Council (MC_qA137934)
- National Institute on Aging (N01-AG-12109, R01-AG-031890, N01-AG12100, N01-AG012100, N01 AG012109)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC-85081, N01HC85085, N01-HC55022, N01 HC085086, N01HC-85083, U01HL72515, N01 HC055016, N01-HC-55018, HL 71981, N01HC15103, U01HL054527, U01HL084729, R01HL071981, N01 HC 55020, N01 HC085079, R01‐HL043851, N01 HC085083, N01‐HC25195, N01 HC 55019, N01HC85082, N01HC‐75150, N01 HC85086, R01 HL-59367, N01 HC085080, R01HL087652, N01 HC055020, N01 HC035129, U01HL084756, N01HC85080, R01-HL087700, N01 HC055018, N01 HC015103, N01 HC55222, R01HL087647, HL-084729, N01 HC085085, N01‐HC‐45133, R01 HL087679, N01-HC-025195, N01-HC55016, R01HL087641, N01 HC055022, R01HL059367, N01HC085082, U01HL080295, U01HL072515, N01 HC055019, N01 HC055222, R01HL088119, N01 HC085081, K99-HL094535, N01‐HC‐55015, N01-HC55021, N01 HC075150, R01HL117078, N01 HC055021, N01 HC085084, N01 HC055015, N01 HC045133, R01HL086694, N01-HC85079, N01-HC85084, N01HC35129)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH063706, RL1-MH083268, R01-MH63706, 1RL1MH083268-01, MH084698, R01MH084698)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (Z01HG000024, HG005581, U01HG004399, U01HG004402, R01HG002651, N01 HG065403, T32 HG-00040, HG002651, RC2HG005581, T32HG000040)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-49449, R01CA065725, CA-87969, U01CA067262, CA67262, P01CA087969, R01‐CA049449, CA 65725, CA50385, CA 047988, U01CA098233, R01CA050385, U01CA049449, R01CA047988, R01CA067262)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U01GM074518)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK073490, DK075787, DK-072193, R01DK072193, R01DK089256, U01DK062370, R01DK058845, R01-DK068336, R01DK075681, P30DK046200, R56DK062370, F32DK079466, R01DK056690, K23DK080145, U01DK062418, P30DK072488, DK-062370, DK58845, R01DK075787, R01DK062370)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025005)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
- Keywords
- waist-to-hip ratio, body fat distribution, genetic loci, sexual dimorphism, gene-by-sex interaction, body mass index, adiposity, metabolic risk, LYPLAL1, RSPO3, VEGF-A, NFE2L3, Grb14, HOXC13, ADAMTS9, CPEB4
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