The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Smartphones are bad for some teens, not all
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This integration of use into their everyday life has indeed provided benefits such as convenience, communication with peers and family or access to information for homework [39].”
From “From the moment I wake up I will use it…every day, very hour”: a qualitative study on the patterns of adolescents’ mobile touch screen device use from adolescent and parent perspectives (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies on social media and mental health have shown mixed results, with positive, negative, and null associations, all having small effect sizes102 or weak correlations.121,122”
From Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report (2026) · cites this paper as [121]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescents’ online risk often mirrors offline vulnerabilities.”
From Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. (2020) · cites this paper as Odgers, 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“youth from low-income families tend to report more negative spillover of negative experiences on social media to offline conflict, fights, and trouble at school”
From Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. (2020) · cites this paper as Odgers, 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“were more likely than their more affluent peers to perceive negative spillover of online experiences to problems in their offline lives (e.g., fights, trouble at school)”
From Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. (2020) · cites this paper as Odgers, 2018
In the citing paper
“youth growing up economically disadvantaged families were equally likely to have access to mobile devices”
From Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. (2020) · cites this paper as Odgers, 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30022-1 · Cited by 3,666
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035618 · Cited by 3,266
National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1878 · Cited by 1,424
The common sense census: media use by tweens and teens
Rideout, V. (2015) · Cited by 901
Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616678438 · Cited by 890
Adolescent Pregnancy, Birth, and Abortion Rates Across Countries: Levels and Recent Trends
Sedgh, G., Finer, L. B., Bankole, A., Eilers, M. A., & Singh, S. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.007 · Cited by 812
Annual Research Review: Secular trends in child and adolescent mental health
Collishaw, S. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12372 · Cited by 788
(2016) · PubMed · Cited by 580
Online Communication and Adolescent Social Ties: Who benefits more from Internet use?
Lee, S. J. (2009) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01451.x · Cited by 295
George, M. J., & Odgers, C. L. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615596788 · Cited by 266
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- OECD. Are There Differences in How Advantaged and Disadvantaged Students Use the Internet? PISA in Focus 64 (OECD Publishing, 2016).
- De Choudhury, M., Gamon, M., Counts, S. & Horvitz, E. Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Weblogs Soc. Media 128–137 (2013).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–173 of 173
Subjective Smartphone Screen Time and Co-morbid Mental Illness
Noel, J. K., Jacob, S., Wensley, I. A., & Rosenthal, S. R. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-022-00276-0 · Cited by 9
Good, B., & Mishna, F. (2019) · Residential Treatment for Children & Youth · doi:10.1080/0886571x.2019.1696263 · Cited by 12
New Zealand Teens and Digital Harm: Seeking and Accessing SupportPreprint
Pacheco, E., & Melhuish, N. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3208456 · Cited by 9
Smartphone-Based Learning Media on Microscope Topic for High School Students
Nadhiroh, N., Wilujeng, İ., Sa’diyah, A., & Erlangga, S. Y. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210326.060 · Cited by 8
Mobile phones as life and thought companions
Xiao, Z. (2019) · Research Papers in Education · doi:10.1080/02671522.2019.1601757 · Cited by 8
Digital measures of activity and motivation impact depression and anxiety in the real world
Beltrán, J., Jacob, Y., Mehta, M., Hossain, T., Adams, A., Fontaine, S., Torous, J. B., McDonough, C., Johnson, M., Delgado, A. D., et al. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01669-0 · Cited by 7
Röhlke, L. (2025) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103226 · Cited by 7
Yuniar, A. D., Fibrianto, A. S., Prabawangi, R. P., & Ananda, K. S. (2019) · Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi Sosial (JPDS) · doi:10.17977/um032v2i2p47-53 · Cited by 7
Digital Pathways to Wellness Among Youth in Residential Treatment: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Good, B. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584211014884 · Cited by 8
Loneliness and Social Media Use Among Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders
Schwartz-Lifshitz, M., Hertz‐Palmor, N., Dekel, I., Balan-Moshe, L., Mekori‐Domachevsky, E., Weisman, H., Kaufman, S., Gothelf, D., & Amichai‐Hamburger, Y. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0337 · Cited by 11
Bachtiar, F., Fithri, N. K., Amalia, R., Herbawani, C. K., Ismiyasa, S. W., & Purnamadyawati, P. (2020) · ABDIMAS UNWAHAS · doi:10.31942/abd.v5i1.3332 · Cited by 7
Sánchez, G., & JENKINS, J. H. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116839 · Cited by 6
Screen Time and Mental Well-Being of Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ganesh, R., Singh, S., Bhargava, R., & Balhara, Y. P. S. (2022) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_365_21 · Cited by 6
Unveiling shadows: exploring the dark side of digital transformation in Abu Dhabi
Badri, M. A., Alkhaili, M., Aldhaheri, H., Yang, G., Albahar, M., Yaageib, S., & AlRashdi, A. S. (2024) · Digital Transformation and Society · doi:10.1108/dts-02-2024-0012 · Cited by 5
Antons, S., Heyder, A., Precht, L.-M., Wegmann, E., Liebherr, M., & Brailovskaia, J. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100621 · Cited by 6
Time‐use for the iGeneration : A person‐centered approach
Vernon, L. (2019) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.146 · Cited by 6
Clark, C. A., & Harris, K. M. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100095 · Cited by 4
Aplicativos móveis e o ensino de astronomia
Simões, C. C., & Voelzke, M. R. (2020) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8920 · Cited by 4
(2022) · Journal of Innovation and Social Science Research · doi:10.53469/jissr.2022.09(09).23 · Cited by 4
Buda, T. S., Khwaja, M. K., Garriga, R., & Matic, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284104 · Cited by 6
La relación entre el uso problemático del smartphone y el fear of missing out: un meta-análisis
Hidalgo-Fuentes, S. (2023) · Psicodebate · doi:10.18682/pd.v23i1.5754 · Cited by 5
Social Expectancy Increases Skin Conductance Response in Mobile Instant Messaging Users
Sánchez-Kuhn, A., Flores, P., García, A. M. R., & Puga, J. L. (2023) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2022.362 · Cited by 4
Teaching while surrounded by smartphones
Kumar, D., & Radcliffe, P. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857363 · Cited by 4
Gaming Disorder and Problematic Use of Social Media
Roza, T. H., Noronha, L. T., Makrakis, M. A., Spritzer, D. T., Gadelha, A., Kessler, F. H. P., & Passos, I. C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10698-9_15 · Cited by 4
New Media Development, Sleep and Lifestyle in Children and Adolescents
Łuszczki, E., Bartosiewicz, A., Bobula, G., Kuchciak, M., Jagielski, P., Oleksy, Ł., Stolarczyk, A., & Dereń, K. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13042248 · Cited by 4
The impact of behavioral patterns on accelerated aging in the UK biobank
Zhou, J., Xin, M., Wang, F., Zhong, Y., Zhang, T.-T., Mao, R., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03074-9 · Cited by 4
Attwood, A. I., & SamadiDana, S. (2023) · International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET) · doi:10.1109/iciet56899.2023.10111208 · Cited by 3
Løvgren, M., & Hyggen, C. (2023) · Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift · doi:10.18261/nost.7.6.4 · Cited by 7
Lang, V., & Šorgo, A. (2024) · Journal of Baltic Science Education · doi:10.33225/jbse/24.23.45 · Cited by 7
Qiu, Y., Sun, Q., Zhou, J., Jiang, N., Zeng, W., Wu, B., & Li, F. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2024.053926 · Cited by 3
Tang, A. C. Y., Lee, R., Chan, A. C.-K., Kwan, R. Y. C., & Lee, P. H. (2025) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2025.2508833 · Cited by 3
王, 超., & 刘, 欣. (2020) · 现代教育论坛 · doi:10.32629/mef.v3i8.2793 · Cited by 3
Dunarea de Jos, U. O. G., & Rotila, V. (2018) · Postmodern Openings · doi:10.18662/po/46 · Cited by 3
Law, E. F., & Schueller, S. M. (2019) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000275 · Cited by 3
Adhiambo, P., & Odera, P. (2024) · Science Mundi · doi:10.51867/scimundi.4.2.16 · Cited by 2
Delaying adolescent smartphone ownership: A qualitative dyadic study with parents and adolescents
Vaterlaus, J. M., Carney, T., & Kroemer-Spiess, P. (2026) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2026.2627286 · Cited by 2
Șipoș, R., Văidean, T., Răpciuc, A.-M., Poetar, C.-R., & Predescu, E. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13237461 · Cited by 2
Testing Concerns about Technology's Behavioral Impacts with N-of-one Trials
Matias, J. N., Pennington, E., & Chan, Z. T. (2022) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3531146.3533227 · Cited by 2
Adolescent Health and Wellbeing in the UK
Kelly, Y. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35744-3_29 · Cited by 4
Odgers, C. L., Allen, N. B., Pfeifer, J. H., Dahl, R., Nesi, J. L., Schueller, S. M., Williams, J. L., & Scientific Council on Adolescence (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rvn8q · Cited by 8
Self-citationWhat is digital parenting? A systematic review of past measurement and blueprint for the futurePreprint
Modecki, K. L., Goldberg, R., Wiśniewski, P., & Orben, A. C. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7zng6_v1 · Cited by 2
Zhang, X., & Wu, Y. (2024) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2024.2423871 · Cited by 1
Association Between Social Ostracism and Sleep Quality in Adolescents: A Cross‐Lagged Study
Liang, T., Luo, X., Huang, Y., Li, S., Deng, Z., Ru, T., & Zhou, G. (2025) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70061 · Cited by 1
Of Young People and Internet Cafés
Xiao, Z., & Higgins, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.603992 · Cited by 1
Digital Technologies for Health and Well-Being
John, A., & Shibi, B. (2023) · Advances in hospitality, tourism and the services industry (AHTSI) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0650-5.ch012 · Cited by 2
New Zealand teens and digital harm: Statistical insights into experiences, impact and responsePreprint
Pacheco, E., & Melhuish, N. (2019) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/vu7np · Cited by 1
New Zealand teens and digital harm: Seeking and accessing supportPreprint
Pacheco, E., & Melhuish, N. (2019) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/4ym86 · Cited by 1
Bradley, A., Gmiro, Y., Stoakes, A., Meloff, Z., Hasan, S. J., Heaslip, A., & Howard, A. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pehxw · Cited by 2
Čuš, A., Edbrooke-Childs, J. H., Ohmann, S., Plener, P. L., & Akkaya-Kalayci, T. (2020) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/20780
Social Comparisons on Instagram and Adolescent Identity Development: A Mixed-Methods Study
Noon, E. J. (2020) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00393
Effects of Digital Technologies on Zimbabwean Adolescent Lives During the COVID-19 Era
Chawarura, W. I., Zhou, M., Matsika, C., & Zhou, T. G. (2021) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8318-0.ch014
Kiss, H. (2021) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged) · doi:10.14232/phd.10810
Theron, F. H., Rosenstein, D. A., & McCoubrey, D. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91709-4.00004-4
Is the growing attachment to smartphones and digital media good for our health?
Marquez, P. V. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18529-8.00032-9
Richards, J., Niitsu, K., & Kenworthy, N. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100378 · Cited by 1
(2025) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/14588.003.0012
Acquisition du premier smartphone : une étape développementale
Danet, M. (2025) · La Revue de Santé Scolaire et Universitaire · doi:10.1016/j.revssu.2025.03.005
Mental Health and the Use of internet-mobile Phones in Adolescents
Sánchez, R. M., & Curto-Rodríguez, R. (2025) · European Public & Social Innovation Review · doi:10.31637/epsir-2025-2104
Effects of a Family Function Program on Excessive Digital Use in Thai Female Muslim Adolescents
Kim, Y., Dhammasaccakarn, W., Laeheem, K., & Rinthaisong, I. (2025) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents5030039
Xiao, B., Parent, N., Coplan, R. J., & Shapka, J. D. (2025) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968251367493 · Cited by 2
Promoting Well-being in Girls through Social Media and Digital Health
Charmaraman, L., Bacaj, C., & Durrani, S. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2025.08.002
Owner of a Lonely Mind: Loneliness and Theory of Mind in Adolescents
Bosacki, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02959-1_27
Xu, H., Xiao, W., Xie, Y., Xu, S., Wan, Y., & Tao, F. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22729193
Lee, A. Y., Stević, A., Walker-Keleher, G., Chen, C. Q.-A., Charity, E., Dahlke, R., & Hancock, J. T. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791723
Hu, Y., Yang, X., Chen, Q.-L., Song, F., & Qiu, J. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101071
Development and validation of a comprehensive digital parenting scale
Ferguson, A. M., Richards, M., Gunschera, L. J., Mutak, A., Modecki, K. L., Goldberg, R., & Orben, A. C. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101098
Stoakes, A., Meloff, Z., Howard, A., Heaslip, A., Bradley, A., Gmiro, Y., & Hasan, S. J. (2026) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)
Xu, X., Chen, H., Zhu, X., Tong, S., Gao, L., & Zhou, Z. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70206
The implications of implications
Brown, B. A. T. (2026) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3821402.3830164
Metadata
- Authors
- Odgers, C.
- Affiliations
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Odgers, Candice
- ORCID
- Odgers, Candice
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2018-02-21
- Volume
- 554
- Issue
- 7693
- Pages
- 432-434
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC6121807
- OpenAlex
- W2790980665
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 47.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA023026)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- smartphones, adolescents, mental health, online behavior, screen time, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Problem Behavior, Adolescent Health, Smartphone, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Europe, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mental Health, Pregnancy, Safety, Social Behavior, Social Class, Suicide, Time Factors, United States, Friends, Vulnerable Populations, Young Adult, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
