Use of dietary supplements in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition calibration study
Abstract
Background Dietary supplement use is increasing, but there are few comparable data on supplement intakes and how they affect the nutrition and health of European consumers. The aim of this study was to describe the use of dietary supplements in subsamples of the 10 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).Methods Specific questions on dietary supplement use were asked as a part of single 24-h recalls performed on 36,034 men and women aged 35-74 years from 1995 to 2000.Results Between countries, the mean percentage of dietary supplement use varied almost 10-fold among women and even more among men. There was a clear north-south gradient in use, with a higher consumption in northern countries. The lowest crude mean percentage of use was found in Greece (2.0% among men, 6.7% among women), and the highest was in Denmark (51.0% among men, 65.8% among women). Use was higher in women than in men. Vitamins, minerals or combinations of them were the predominant types of supplements reported, but there were striking differences between countries.Conclusions This study indicates that there are wide variations in supplement use in Europe, which may affect individual and population nutrient intakes. The results underline the need to monitor consumption of dietary supplements in Europe, as well as to evaluate the risks and benefits.
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Exclusion of habitual consumers of dietary supplements with antioxidant properties likely did not affect the representativeness of the study population because consumption of these supplements among the elderly population is quite low, generally less than 10%, similar to other cohorts from the country.
“On the other hand, the exclusion of habitual consumers of dietary supplements with antioxidant properties likely did not affect the representativeness of our study population, because the consumption of these supplements among our elderly population is quite low, generally Ͻ10%, similar to that observed in other cohorts from our country.35”
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- Authors
- Skeie, G., Braaten, T., Hjartåker, A., Lentjes, M., Amiano, P., Jakszyn, P., Pala, V, Palanca, A., Niekerk, E. M., Verhagen, H., Avloniti, K., Psaltopoulou, T., Niravong, M., Touvier, M., Nimptsch, K., Haubrock, J., Walker, L., Spencer, E. A., Roswall, N., Olsen, A., Wallström, P., Nilsson, S., Casagrande, C., Deharveng, G., Hellström, V, Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., Tjønneland, A., Joensen, A. M., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Trichopoulou, A., Martinez, C., Rodríguez, L., Frasca, G., Sacerdote, C., Peeters, P. H. M., Linseisen, J., Schienkiewitz, A., Welch, A. A., Manjer, J., Ferrari, P., Riboli, E., Bingham, S., Engeset, D., Lund, E., & Slimani, N.
- Affiliations
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- Cancer Registry of Norway (NO)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Basque Government (ES)
- Institut Català d'Oncologia (ES)
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IT)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Inserm (FR)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Danish Cancer Society (DK)
- Lund University (SE)
- Umeå University (SE)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
- Institute for Scientific Interchange (IT)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Skeie, G
- ORCID
- Skeie, G
- Braaten, T
- Hjartåker, A
- Lentjes, M
- Amiano, P
- Jakszyn, P
- Pala, V
- Palanca, A
- Verhagen, H
- Touvier, M
- Nimptsch, K
- Spencer, E A
- Roswall, N
- Olsen, A
- Wallström, P
- Casagrande, C
- Tjønneland, A
- Joensen, A M
- Trichopoulou, A
- Rodríguez, L
- Sacerdote, C
- Peeters, P H M
- Linseisen, J
- Schienkiewitz, A
- Welch, A A
- Manjer, J
- Ferrari, P
- Engeset, D
- Lund, E
- Slimani, N
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- S4
- Pages
- S226-S238
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2036860790
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 13.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Scopus (Elsevier) (submittedVersion)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Kreftforeningen
- EkstraStiftelsen Helse og Rehabilitering (Stiftelsen Dam)
- Wellcome Trust
- Cancer Research UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Keywords
- supplement use, vitamins, minerals, sex differences, north-south gradient, country variation, nutrient intake, 24-hour dietary recall
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Diet, Diet Surveys, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Diet Records, Micronutrients, Dietary Supplements
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