Differential effects of walnuts vs almonds on improving metabolic and endocrine parameters in PCOS
Abstract
Background/objectives Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is commonly associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and increased inflammation, which all benefit from dietary intake of monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and n-3 PUFA). Our goal was to compare the effects of MUFA-rich almonds vs n-3/n-6 PUFA-rich walnuts on metabolic and endocrine parameters in PCOS. Subjects/methods Thirty-one PCOS patients randomly received either walnuts or almonds containing 31 g of total fat per day for 6 weeks. At the beginning and at the end, anthropometric parameters, fasting lipids, phospholipid-fatty acids, inflammatory markers, androgens, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and frequently sampled intravenous-GTT were obtained. Results Weight remained stable. Within group, walnuts increased the n-3/n-6 essential PUFA in the diet and plasma phospholipids. Walnuts decreased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol by 6% from 3.76 ± 0.27 to 3.38 ± 0.22 mmol/l (P = 0.05) and apoprotein B by 11% from 0.72 ± 0.04 to 0.64 ± 0.05 g/l (P < 0.03). Although almonds also reduced low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol by 10% and apoprotein B by 9%, these were not significant. Walnuts increased insulin response during OGTT by 26% (P < 0.02). Both walnuts and almonds increased adiponectin (walnuts from 9.5 ± 1.6 to 11.3 ± 1.8 μg per 100 ml, P = 0.0241; almonds from 10.1 ± 1.5 to 12.2 ± 1.4 μg/dl, P = 0.0262). Walnuts decreased HgBA1 from 5.7 ± 0.1 to 5.5 ± 0.1% (P = 0.0006) with significant intergroup difference from almonds (P=0.0470). Walnuts increased sex hormone-binding globulin from 38.3 ± 4.1 to 43.1 ± 4.3 nmol/l (P=0.0038) and almonds reduced free androgen index from 2.6 ± 0.4 to 1.8 ± 0.3 (P = 0.0470). Conclusion Nut intake exerted beneficial effects on plasma lipids and androgens in PCOS.
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The association between low MUFA consumption in PCOS women is in agreement with the clinical trial performed by Kalgaonkar et al.
“The association between low MUFA consumption in PCOS women is in agreement with the clinical trial performed by Kalgaonkar et al. [69].”
From Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Dietary Patterns and Body Composition in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2019) · cites this paper as [69]
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Self-citationKhan, H. U., Tariq, D., Kamran, M., Javed, M., Naseem, S., Khan, A. U. R., Ullah, M., & Salam, M. A. (2025) · Physical Education, Health and Social Sciences · doi:10.63163/jpehss.v3i1.189
Kashif, S., Naeem, S., Khan, S., Perveen, S., Alam, N., Zubair, S., & Ameer, J. (2025) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/sci5/3936227
“Nuts including almonds and walnuts have a favorable efect on 2 Scientifca testosterone by increasing SHBG, and reducing testosterone [35].”
Inositol and herbal substances as elements of complementary therapy in patients with PCOS
Aab, A., Zarańska, J., Kędra, K., MICHALIK, I., Bielak, M., & Zarański, B. (2023) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.16.01.012
“(red onion), walnuts, and almonds has been shown to have a positive impact on lipid profile and correct metabolic dysfunctions in women with PCOS [29, 30].”
BackgroundWeight Loss and Maintenance in Adult Populations: What Works?
Wien, M., Monahan-Couch, L., & Davidson, P. (2015) · Primary Prevention Insights · doi:10.4137/ppri.s12292
Dietary interventions in the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Kowalik, A., & Rachoń, D. (2014) · Nutrition Obesity & Metabolic Surgery · doi:10.5114/noms.2014.44565 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Thus, the authors of this study concluded that the addition of walnuts, as a source of PUFA, to the diet of PCOS women may improve the lipid and hormonal profile and as a consequence, decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease development [35].”
BackgroundMechanick, J. I., Zhao, S., & Gong, J. J. (2015) · The Endocrine Society eBooks · doi:10.1210/mn1.9781936704842.ch10
Davis, K. (n.d.) · doi:10.12794/metadc271800
- Authors
- Kalgaonkar, S., Almario, R. U., Gurusinghe, D., Garamendi, E. M., Buchan, W., Kim, K., & Karakas, S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- California State University, Sacramento (US)
- VA Northern California Health Care System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Karakas, S E
- ORCID
- Kim, K
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2010-12-15
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 386-393
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2092829248
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT002280)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nuts composition and effects
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, Juglans regia, almond, monounsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, adiponectin, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, plasma phospholipids
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Androgens, Blood Glucose, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Prunus, Juglans, Fatty Acids, Omega-6, Lipid Metabolism, Young Adult
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