Source and Amount of Carbohydrate in the Diet and Inflammation in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
High carbohydrate intake and low-grade inflammation cooperate with insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism to constitute an interactive continuum acting on the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age characterised by oligo-anovulatory infertility and cardiometabolic disorders. The role of insulin in PCOS is pivotal both in regulating the activity of ovarian and liver enzymes, respectively involved in androgen production and in triggering low-grade inflammation usually reported to be associated with an insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and cardiometabolic diseases. Although an acute hyperglycaemia induced by oral glucose loading may increase inflammation and oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species through different mechanisms, the postprandial glucose increment, commonly associated with the Western diet, represents the major contributor of chronic sustained hyperglycaemia and pro-inflammatory state. Together with hyperinsulinaemia, hyperandrogenism and low-grade inflammation, unhealthy diet should be viewed as a key component of the ‘deadly quartet’ of metabolic risk factors associated with PCOS pathophysiology. The identification of a tight diet–inflammation–health association makes the adoption of healthy nutritional approaches a primary preventive and therapeutic tool in women with PCOS, weakening insulin resistance and eventually promoting improvements of reproductive life and endocrine outcomes. The intriguing nutritional–endocrine connections operating in PCOS underline the role of expert nutritionists in the management of this syndrome. The aim of the present review is to provide an at-a-glance overview of the possible bi-directional mechanisms linking inflammation, androgen excess and carbohydrate intake in women with PCOS.
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A 2020 meta-analysis reported a greater reduction in insulin resistance when a low-carbohydrate diet was prescribed rather than a high-carbohydrate diet in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
“In a 2020 meta-analysis evaluating whether low-calorie diets improved insulin sensitivity in women with PCOS, a greater reduction in insulin resistance (IR) was reported when a low-carbohydrate diet was prescribed rather than a high-carbohydrate diet [64].”
From Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: Potential Application in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
The Dietary intervention in polycystic ovary syndrome section (page not provided) reports greater improvements in insulin sensitivity with lower-carbohydrate diets than with comparator diets in individual studies. But this source is a 2018 review, not the claimed 2020 meta-analysis, and the cited passages do not report a pooled reduction in insulin resistance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh intake of simple carbohydrates is responsible for increased oxidative stress, caused by postprandial hyperglycemia.
“they are responsible for increased oxidative stress, caused by postprandial hyperglycemia [67].”
From Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Dietary Patterns and Body Composition in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
The ‘Carbohydrates and inflammation’ section says postprandial hyperglycaemia may induce oxidative stress and reports that acute glucose loading has been demonstrated to increase it. The ‘Dietary carbohydrates and inflammation’ section links glucose spikes and high-glycaemic-index diets to oxidative stress, but does not establish that high intake of simple carbohydrates is necessarily responsible through this mechanism. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNutritional-endocrine connections have been described between an unhealthy diet, low-grade inflammation, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, suggesting healthy nutritional approaches as a therapeutic tool in women with PCOS.
“Nutritional-endocrine connections have been described between an unhealthy diet (high carbohydrate consumption), low-grade inflammation, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, suggesting healthy nutritional approaches as a therapeutic tool in women with PCOS (Barrea et al., 2018).”
From Improvements in PCOS characteristics and phenotype severity during a randomized controlled lifestyle intervention (2021) · cites this paper as Barrea et al., 2018
A low-glycaemic index diet resulted in similar weight loss (4-5% of initial body weight) but also in improvements in menstrual disorders, whole-body insulin sensitivity and levels of an acute-phase protein of inflammation compared with a conventional healthy diet after 12 months.
“Others found that a lowglycaemic index diet resulted in similar weigh loss (4-5% of initial body weight), but also in improvements in menstrual disorders, whole-body insulin sensitivity and levels of an acute-phase protein of inflammation compared with a conventional healthy diet after 12 months (Marsh et al., 2010;Barrea et al., 2018).”
From Improvements in PCOS characteristics and phenotype severity during a randomized controlled lifestyle intervention (2021) · cites this paper as Barrea et al., 2018
Reducing weight in women with PCOS can improve insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and other related morbidities.
“Reducing weight in women with PCOS can improve IR, hypertension, dyslipidemia, T2D, and other related morbidities, but ideal macronutrient distribution has not been standardized yet [1, 7, 11].”
From Ketogenic Diet as Medical Prescription in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
A healthy high fiber diet with mainly unsaturated and few saturated fatty acids can reduce glucosemia and lipidemia and thus limit the inflammatory response.
“In contrast, a healthy high fiber diet with mainly unsaturated and few saturated fatty acids can reduce glucosemia and lipidemia and thus limit the inflammatory response [77].”
From Mediterranean Diet as an Antioxidant: The Impact on Metabolic Health and Overall Wellbeing (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
Women with PCOS may be more likely to perceive themselves at risk of excessive weight gain.
“These findings may be related to women with PCOS being more likely to perceive themselves at risk of excessive weight gain [[67], [68], [69]].”
From PCOS and nutritional approaches: Differences between lean and obese phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Etiology, Current Management, and Future Therapeutics
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“These results are in line with previous studies reporting that a high intake of simple carbohydrates exerts a pro-inflammatory effect, as demonstrated by increased CRP levels [66], and they are responsible for increased oxidative stress, caused by postprandial hyperglycemia [67].”
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Effects of a Ketogenic Diet in Overweight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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Ketogenic Diet as Medical Prescription in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
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“The high amounts of sugar in the blood caused by the above diet increase oxidative stress, which raises the reactive oxygen species, creating a declining insulin sensitivity in the long term [77].”
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- Authors
- Barrea, L., Marzullo, P., Muscogiuri, G., Di Somma, C., Scacchi, M., Orio, F., Aimaretti, G., Colao, A., & Savastano, S.
- Affiliations
- Federico II University Hospital (IT)
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Parthenope University of Naples (IT)
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Barrea, Luigi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrition Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-07-23
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 291-301
- ISSN
- 0954-4224 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2700
- OpenAlex
- W2884745335
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (Parthenope University of Naples) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, dietary carbohydrates, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, postprandial blood glucose, Western diet, oxidative stress, cardiometabolic risk
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Blood Glucose, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Humans, Hyperinsulinism, Inflammation, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Hyperandrogenism
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