The DOI matches its Crossref record; 113 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immunologic Privilege in the Central Nervous System and the Blood–Brain Barrier
Open accessAbstract
The brain is in many ways an immunologically and pharmacologically privileged site. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) of the cerebrovascular endothelium and its participation in the complex structure of the neurovascular unit (NVU) restrict access of immune cells and immune mediators to the central nervous system (CNS). In pathologic conditions, very well-organized immunologic responses can develop within the CNS, raising important questions about the real nature and the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of this immune privilege. We assess the interactions of immune cells and immune mediators with the BBB and NVU in neurologic disease, cerebrovascular disease, and intracerebral tumors. The goals of this review are to outline key scientific advances and the status of the science central to both the neuroinflammation and CNS barriers fields, and highlight the opportunities and priorities in advancing brain barriers research in the context of the larger immunology and neuroscience disciplines. This review article was developed from reports presented at the 2011 Annual Blood-Brain Barrier Consortium Meeting.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways
The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07385 · Cited by 7,735
Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes
Foust, K. D., Nurre, E., Montgomery, C. L., Hernandez, A., Chan, C. M., & Kaspar, B. K. (2009) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1515 · Cited by 1,456
Subacute meningoencephalitis in a subset of patients with AD after Aβ42 immunization
Orgogozo, J.-M., Gilman, S., Dartigues, J.-F., Laurent, B., Puel, M., Kirby, L. C., Jouanny, P., Dubois, B., Eisner, L., Flitman, S., et al. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000073623.84147.a8 · Cited by 1,356
The DNA damage pathway regulates innate immune system ligands of the NKG2D receptor
Gasser, S., Orsulic, S., Brown, E. J., & Raulet, D. H. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03884 · Cited by 1,308
Regulatory T cells are key cerebroprotective immunomodulators in acute experimental stroke
Liesz, A., Suri-Payer, E., Veltkamp, C., Doerr, H., Sommer, C., Rivest, S., Giese, T., & Veltkamp, R. (2009) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.1927 · Cited by 1,115
Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis.
Lucchinetti, C. F., Popescu, B. F. G., Bunyan, R. F., Moll, N. M., Roemer, S. F., Lassmann, H., Brück, W., Parisi, J. E., Scheithauer, B. W., Giannini, C., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1100648 · Cited by 1,103
Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system
Ransohoff, R. M., Kivisäkk, P., & Kidd, G. (2003) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1130 · Cited by 1,052
The impact of the extracellular matrix on inflammation
Sorokin, L. (2010) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2852 · Cited by 912
Kim, W.-G., Mohney, R. P., Wilson, B., Jeohn, G.-H., Liu, B., & Hong, J.-S. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-16-06309.2000 · Cited by 878
Heterogeneity of Microglial Activation in the Innate Immune Response in the Brain
Colton, C. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-009-9164-4 · Cited by 877
Cited by
Shaverdian, N., Lisberg, A. E., Bornazyan, K., Veruttipong, D., Goldman, J. W., Formenti, S. C., Garon, E. B., & Lee, P. (2017) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30380-7 · Cited by 1,091
Blood–brain barrier structure and function and the challenges for CNS drug delivery
Abbott, N. J. (2013) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/s10545-013-9608-0 · Cited by 909
The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a ‘glymphatic’ system?
Abbott, N. J., Pizzo, M. E., Preston, J. E., Janigro, D., & Thorne, R. G. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1812-4 · Cited by 593
Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Yamazaki, Y., & Kanekiyo, T. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18091965 · Cited by 451
Dealing with danger in the CNS: the response of the immune system to injury
Gadani, S. P., Walsh, J. T., Lukens, J. R., & Kipnis, J. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.019 · Cited by 342
Metadata
- Authors
- Muldoon, L. L., Alvarez, J. I., Begley, D. J., Boado, R. J., del Zoppo, G. J., Doolittle, N. D., Engelhardt, B., Hallenbeck, J. M., Lonser, R. R., Ohlfest, J. R., Prat, A., Scarpa, M., Smeyne, R. J., Drewes, L. R., & Neuwelt, E. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-10-17
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-21
- ISSN
- 0271-678X (ISSN-L)
- 1559-7016
- OpenAlex
- W2044400894
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 113
- FWCI
- 10.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Immunologic Privilege in the Central Nervous System and the Blood–Brain Barrier. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.153
- The paper
- Muldoon, L. L., Alvarez, J. I., Begley, D. J., Boado, R. J., del Zoppo, G. J., Doolittle, N. D., Engelhardt, B., Hallenbeck, J. M., Lonser, R. R., Ohlfest, J. R., Prat, A., Scarpa, M., Smeyne, R. J., Drewes, L. R., & Neuwelt, E. A. (2013). Immunologic Privilege in the Central Nervous System and the Blood–Brain Barrier. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.153
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
