Changes in the Ceramide Profile of Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Epidermal Lipids, Barrier Function, and Desquamation

Elias, P. M. (1983) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.1983.12 · Cited by 1,356

Decreased Level of Ceramides in Stratum Corneum of Atopic Dermatitis: An Etiologic Factor in Atopic Dry Skin?

Imokawa, G., Abe, A., Jin, K., Higaki, Y., Kawashima, M., & Hidano, A. (1991) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470233 · Cited by 1,040

Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis

Nardo, A. D. (1998) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.1080/00015559850135788 · Cited by 483

Ceramide composition of the psoriatic scale

Motta, S., Monti, M., Sesana, S., Caputo, R., Carelli, S., & Ghidoni, R. (1993) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/0925-4439(93)90135-n · Cited by 435

Characterization of overall ceramide species in human stratum corneum

Masukawa, Y., Narita, H., Shimizu, E., Kondo, N., Sugai, Y., Oba, T., Homma, R., Ishikawa, J., Takagi, Y., Kitahara, T., et al. (2008) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m800014-jlr200 · Cited by 322

Stratum corneum lipid abnormalities in atopic dermatitis

Yamamoto, A., Serizawa, S., Ito, M., & Sato, Y. (1991) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/bf01106105 · Cited by 272

Deficiency of Epidermal Protein-Bound ω-Hydroxyceramides in Atopic Dermatitis

Macheleidt, O., Sandhoff, K., & Kaiser, H. W. (2002) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01833.x · Cited by 236

Comprehensive quantification of ceramide species in human stratum corneum

Masukawa, Y., Narita, H., Sato, H., Naoe, A., Kondo, N., Sugai, Y., Oba, T., Homma, R., Ishikawa, J., Takagi, Y., et al. (2009) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.d800055-jlr200 · Cited by 228

Two Ceramide Subfractions Detectable in Cer(AS) Position by HPTLC in Skin Surface Lipids of Non-Lesional Skin of Atopic Eczema

Bleck, O., Abeck, D., Ring, J., Hoppe, U., Vietzke, J., Wolber, R., Brandt, O., & Schreiner, V. (1999) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00809.x · Cited by 135

Ceramide profiles of the uninvolved skin in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are comparable to those of healthy skin

Farwanah, H., Raith, K., Neubert, R. H. H., & Wohlrab, J. (2005) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-005-0551-2 · Cited by 123

Allergy-associated biomarkers in early life identified by Omics techniques

Zubeldia‐Varela, E., Ibáñez-Sandín, M. D., Gómez‐Casado, C., & Pérez‐Gordo, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Allergy · doi:10.3389/falgy.2024.1359142 · Cited by 3

Exploring the Metabolic Effects of a Herbal Remedy of Asarum sieboldii, Platycodon grandiflorum, and Cinnamomum cassia Extracts: Unraveling Its Therapeutic Potential as a Topical Application for Atopic Dermatitis Treatment

Lee, G., Jung, B. H., Lee, T., Park, J. H., Kim, H. S., Kim, H., & Yang, H. O. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13050563 · Cited by 3

Combination of a Topical Anti-Inflammatory Drug and a Moisturizer, Both with a Lamellar Structure Containing Synthetic Pseudo-Ceramides, for the Treatment of Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis

Okoshi, K., Ito, S., Matsuoka, M., Kinugasa, Y., Shimizu, E., Tanaka, K., Okada, J., Nishizaka, T., Nagasawa, A., Seki, T., et al. (2024) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s467934 · Cited by 3

Unveiling the Metabolomic Profile of Oily Sensitive Skin: A Non-Invasive Approach

Zhang, J., Wu, F., Wang, J., Qin, Y., & Pan, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252011033 · Cited by 5

Emulsifier-Induced Changes to the Human Skin Barrier: Connection to Ceramide Profiles and Assessment as a Skin Lesion Model

Reuter, M., Schoenfelder, H., Gaiser, A., Volc, S., & Lunter, D. J. (2025) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000545234 · Cited by 3

Isolation of Sphingoid Bases from Starfish Asterias amurensis Glucosylceramides and Their Effects on Sphingolipid Production in Cultured Keratinocytes

Mikami, D., Sakai, S., Yuyama, K., & Igarashi, Y. (2019) · Journal of Oleo Science · doi:10.5650/jos.ess18256 · Cited by 3

Skin xerosis: symptom, syndrome or disease? (in Russian only)

Тамразова, О. Б. (2019) · Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.17116/klinderma201918021193 · Cited by 3

Electrolytic-reduction ion water induces ceramide synthesis in human skin keratinocytes

Yamamoto, H., Ikeda, M., Okajima, Y., & Okajima, M. (2021) · Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics · doi:10.5582/ddt.2021.01091 · Cited by 3

Skin Barrier and Its Role in the Pathophysiology of Atopic Dermatitis

Nishifuji, K. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118738818.ch6 · Cited by 3

Development of Human Skin Equivalents with Inducible Ceramide Depletion for In Vitro Modeling of Lipid Impairment

Dina, D. O., Maiellaro, M., Camera, E., & Connelly, J. T. (2025) · JID Innovations · doi:10.1016/j.xjidi.2025.100383 · Cited by 2

The Impact of Age on the Lipidomic Profile of the Stratum Corneum and Associated Effects on Structure, Function and Overall Skin Health in Adults Predisposed to Atopic Dermatitis

Williams, S. F., Andrew, P., Brown, K., Chittock, J., Pinnock, A., Poyner, A., Cork, M. J., & Danby, S. G. (2025) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.70192 · Cited by 6

Multi-Target Strategies for Enhancing Ceramide Production: A Review of Bioactive Ingredients in Cosmetic Science

Maeng, J., Jeong, S., Kim, H., & Nam, G. (2026) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics13010008 · Cited by 2

Effect of the CER[NP]:CER[AP] a ratio on the structure of a stratum corneum model lipid matrix - a molecular dynamics study

Rivero, N., Daza, M. C., & Doerr, M. (2022) · Chemistry and Physics of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2022.105259 · Cited by 2

The First Reported Japanese Case of PNPLA1‐Nonsyndromic Epidermal Differentiation Disorder (PNPLA1‐ nEDD ) Associated With an Unreported 92‐Base‐Pair Duplication Variant

Kato, S., Takeichi, T., Jojima, K., Kato, M., Omi, M., Tanahashi, K., Otsuka, A., Muro, Y., Kihara, A., & Akiyama, M. (2025) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.70130 · Cited by 2

Essential Fatty Acids and Atopic Dermatitis

Rawlings, A. V. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7967-4_11 · Cited by 2

In Vitro DVS Approach to Evaluate Skin Reparation

Barba, C., Alonso, C., Semenzato, A., Baratto, G., & Coderch, L. (2016) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics3020015 · Cited by 3

Stratum Corneum Lipids and Water-Holding Capacity

Rigopoulos, D., & Tiligada, E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53961-4_6 · Cited by 2

Quantification of glycosylceramides in plants by automated multiple development–high-performance thin-layer chromatography

Reisberg, M., Arnold, N., Bisrat, D., Asres, K., Neubert, R. H. H., & Dräger, B. (2017) · Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC · doi:10.1556/1006.2017.30.6.1 · Cited by 2

Development of an in vitro submerged culture system to synthesize epidermal ceramides in canine keratinocytes

Yoon, J., Nishifuji, K., & Iwasaki, T. (2020) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.011 · Cited by 2

Epidermal Barrier

Pillai, S. G., Manco, M. C., Oresajo, C. O., & Baalbaki, N. H. (2022) · Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1002/9781119676881.ch1 · Cited by 2

SENILE ATOPIC DERMATITIS — CURRENT VISION AND UNRESOLVED ISSUES

Smirnova, I. O., Ptashnikova, P. D., Ten, M., Головченко, В. В., & Khazhomiya, K. D. (2023) · Успехи геронтологии · doi:10.34922/ae.2023.36.5.007 · Cited by 1

Epidermal RORα Maintains Barrier Integrity and Prevents Allergic Inflammation by Regulating Late Differentiation and Lipid Metabolism

Hua, X., Ficaro, M. K., Wallace, N. L., & Dai, J. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms251910698 · Cited by 1

Systemic Lipid Dysregulation in Low-Hydration Skin: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis

Fan, Y., Wang, Z., & Ling, P. (2025) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics13010004 · Cited by 1

Acid ceramidase ASAH1 is a key regulator of epidermal ceramide levels and composition

Nobumoto, W., Naganuma, T., Nozaka, N., Ohno, Y., Nojiri, K., & Kihara, A. (2026) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2026.111178 · Cited by 1

Acid ceramidase overactivity drives ceramide loss, leading to atopic dry skin and Th2‐skewed immune polarization

Takada, M., Sashikawa, M., Ohno, Y., Hossain, M. R., Xie, X., Iwabuchi, K., Komine, M., Ohtsuki, M., & Imokawa, G. (2026) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.70050 · Cited by 1

Distinct Skin Penetration and Immune Responses to Ionic and Nanoparticulate Cobalt in Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Werner, P., Schaier, M., Braun, G., Julander, A., Midander, K., Isaksson, M. A. I., Koellensperger, G., Wisgrill, L., & Fyhrquist, N. (2026) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.70422 · Cited by 1

Divergent immunometabolic reprogramming in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: a tale of two inflammatory skin diseases

Chen, N., Yue, Y., & Zhou, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1879634 · Cited by 2

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) and Lipids

Masukawa, Y. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09943-9_24 · Cited by 1

Atopic Dermatitis, Irritant Contact Dermatitis, and Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Lachapelle, J. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27099-5_9 · Cited by 1

Use of topical reparative creams for sensitive and atopic skin in children

Kovalevskaya-Kucheryavenko, T. V. (2021) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2021-17-205-210 · Cited by 1

Atopik Dermatit

Alper, S., & Türk, B. G. (2011) · TURKDERM · doi:10.4274/turkderm.80958 · Cited by 1

Functional Wound Healing

Singh, K., Mathew‐Steiner, S. S., & Sen, C. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1782-2_30 · Cited by 1

Malusides, novel glucosylceramides isolated from apple pomace (Malus domestica)

Reisberg, M., Arnold, N., Porzel, A., Neubert, R. H. H., & Dräger, B. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C · doi:10.1515/znc-2017-0059 · Cited by 1

The Influence of Ceramide Tail Length on the Structure of Bilayers Composed of Stratum Corneum LipidsPreprint

Moore, T. C., Hartkamp, R., Iacovella, C. R., Bunge, A. L., & McCabe, C. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1710.06914 · Cited by 1

Establishment and Characterization of an In Vitro Skin Disease Model Based on Filaggrin Knock Down

Lehnen, D. (2013) · Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) · doi:10.17169/refubium-13984

Dermite Atópica: Os Novos Conhecimentos Sobre a Fisiopatologia da Doença

Borges, A. S., Pinheiro, R. R., & Brasileiro, A. (2017) · Journal of the Portuguese Society of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.29021/spdv.75.2.765

Development of Transdermal Formulation Based on Structure Analysis of Lipid Lamellar in Stratum Corneum

Obata, Y., & Takayama, K. (2016) · Oleoscience · doi:10.5650/oleoscience.16.279

Investigating the Survival Response of Staphylococcus aureus to the Antimicrobial Lipid Sphingosine

Chen, Y. (2018) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03020133

Lipids as therapeutic targets for barrier repair in skin diseases

Boiten, W. A. (2020) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University)

Lamellar Lipid Organization and Ceramide Composition in the Stratum Corneum of Patients with Atopic Eczema

Gupta, A. K., & Kohli, Y. (2011)

The correction of epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis patients

Elisyutina, O. G., Shtyrbul, O. V., & Zemskaya, E. N. (2016) · Russian Journal of Allergy · doi:10.36691/rja386

Updates on Atopic Dermatitis

Morán‐Villaseñor, E., & García‐Romero, M. T. (2022) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815039658122010012

Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Pruritus

Kwatra, S. G. (2020) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03943-101-4

Changes in the composition of molecular species of covalently bound and free ceramides, and their correlation with disease severity in atopic dermatitisPreprint

Kondo, A., Takenaka, Y., Fujiwara, A., Takahashi, S., Kitade-Miyayama, M., Morifuji, M., Kawashima, M., & Ishiguro, N. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2509454/v1

Detection of Bacterial Neutral Ceramidase in Diabetic Foot Ulcers with an Optimized Substrate and Chemoenzymatic Probes

Zou, J.-X., Chua, W., Ser, Z., Wang, S. M., Chiang, G. S. H., Sanmugam, K., Tan, B. Y., Sobota, R. M., & Li, H. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202307553

22 Medical applications of vibrational spectroscopy

Hoffmann, G. G. (2023) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110717556-022

Epidermal barrier dysregulation in atopic skin predisposes for excessive growth of the allergy-associated yeast MalasseziaPreprint

Ruchti, F., Zwicky, P., Becher, B., Dubrac, S., & LeibundGut‐Landmann, S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557156

Modern Treatment Options for Epidermal Dysfunction at Atopic Dermatitis

Ambarchyan, E. T., Kuzminova, A. D., & Ivanchikov, V. V. (2023) · Вопросы современной педиатрии · doi:10.15690/vsp.v22i5.2619

Carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados associados ou não ao valerato de betametasona e/ou alfa tocoferol para uso tópico em modelo experimental de dermatite atópica: desenvolvimento, caracterização e avaliação da eficácia terapêutica

Giordani, H. (2024) · doi:10.14393/ufu.te.2024.5029

Lipidomics in Research on Pathogenesis of Skin Disease

Ishikawa, A. (2024) · Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan · doi:10.5702/massspec.24-001

Development of human skin equivalents with inducible ceramide depletion for in vitro modelling of lipid deficiencyPreprint

Dina, D. O., Maiellaro, M., Camera, E., & Connelly, J. T. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.633956

Skin‐Protective Performance of Alternative Stratum Corneum Formed by a Pseudo‐Ceramide‐Containing Steroid Lamellar Cream

Yokota, M., Matsumoto, T., Kawamoto, A., Dojo, K., Toyama, S., Moniaga, C. S., Ishikawa, J., Murase, D., Ota, N., Tominaga, M., et al. (2025) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.70041

Hyaluronan Tetrasaccharides Penetrate into the Skin by Passive Diffusion and Contribute to Skin Health

Takagi, Y., & Kage, M. (2025) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.c23-00909 · Cited by 1

Effects of Cream Application in Childhood on Skin Barrier and Development of Atopic Diseases

Brough, H. A., Sindher, S., Kelleher, M. M., Sanver, D., Shamji, M. H., Sampath, V., Alkotob, S., Lack, G., & Nadeau, K. C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82689-4_1

Relationship between Skin Physiology and Ceramides of Sensitive Skin

Joichi, T. (2025) · Oleoscience · doi:10.5650/oleoscience.25.379

Molecular Mechanism of Skin Permeability Barrier Formation by Ceramides

Kihara, A. (2025) · Oleoscience · doi:10.5650/oleoscience.25.369

Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis in High‐Risk Infants: A Review of the Role of Lipid‐Based Barrier Repair Therapy

Chan, C.-W. J., & Visscher, M. O. (2025) · Pediatric Dermatology · doi:10.1111/pde.70010

Atopic dermatitis and the skin microbiome : the preventive perspective

Oshima, R., Ito, T., & 松岡, 悠. (2026) · Nihon Shoni Arerugi Gakkaishi The Japanese Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.3388/jspaci.40.35

Reconstitution in vitro des réponses immunitaires initiales dans la dermatite atopique

Brulefert, A. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4f0faf3cz1452z496dz8fe2z3a669eab038a

Etude de la biosynthèse lipidique au cours de la différentiation kératinocytaire en lien avec l’intégrité de la fonction barrière cutanée

Bakar, J. (2021) · doi:10.70675/6a7eda89zf8e0z402azafccz2983c4a80767

Molecular and cellular mechanisms driving allergic skin sensitization and the atopic march

Segaud, J. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/8d7e179azb19cz4d43z8d3bzc40aee9279af

Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors and the Epidermal Barrier in Atopic Dermatitis

Fluhr, J. W., Bräutigam, M. M., & Proksch, E. (2026) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000552559

Targeting skin barrier repair: mechanisms of action, therapeutic evidence, and clinical translation challenges of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes

Li, Y., Huang, J., Fu, Z., Gao, L., Tong, X., Zhou, L., Zeng, J. Z., & Tan, L. (2026) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-026-04941-6

Composition and structure of stratum corneum intercellular lipids in patients with osimertinib-induced hand-foot syndrome

Nakajo, M., Uchino, T., Asada, K., Hatta, I., Yumoto, R., Okada, M., Iwano, Y., Nabekura, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Ikeda, K., et al. (2026) · Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00280-026-04915-8

Phytoceramide and 6-hydroxyceramide deficiency correlates with barrier function alteration in atopic dermatitis skin

Bouayadi, S., Arbey, E., Raynaud, E., Ávila, J., Rolland, G., Lynch, B., Baltenneck, C., Rieux, E., Saussine, A., Bourland, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2026.07.007

Dermatological changes in menopause

Hjorth, M. K., Øster-Rothenborg, L., Pedersen, A. T., Rungby, J., & Karmisholt, K. E. (2026) · Ugeskrift for Læger · doi:10.61409/v122408965

From Lipid Composition to Electroporation: Mechanical Encoding of Barrier Resilience in Stratum Corneum Membranes

Machado, N., García, N. A., Anguita‐Ortiz, N., Ruano, L., Nogueira, J. J., & Martinho, H. D. S. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.6c04148

Ceramide Metabolic Pathways and Their Regulation in Adolescent Acne Vulgaris

Gou, Y., Wu, H., Wu, X., Dong, G., Li, H., Yuan, H., & Li, L. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27198737

Structure-function relationship of a single double bond: the difference in lamellar phase behaviors between ceramides NS and NdS

Eichner, A., Hauß, T., Havrišák, T., Demé, B., & Opálka, L. (2026) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127469

Transcriptomic profiling suggests restoration of epidermal barrier-associated lipid metabolism in Egr1-deficient skin following house dust mite exposure

Jung, E., Choi, Y., Kang, H., & Shin, S. Y. (2026) · Genes & Genomics · doi:10.1007/s13258-026-01813-4

Impact of Dupilumab Therapy on Skin Barrier Function in Patients With Moderate‐to‐Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Phase IV, Non‐Randomized, Open‐Label, Parallel‐Group Clinical Study

Liu, T., Chen, S., Zhao, W., Di, D., Liu, J., Tian, Y., Luo, Y., Xu, Y., Xue, R., Ye, L., et al. (2026) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.71091

Dynamic stratum corneum ceramide alterations reflect barrier dysfunction and clinical response to topical chlormethine treatment in early-stage mycosis fungoides

Mergen, C., Wind, S. S., Beljaards, E. S. M., Rijneveld, R., van Schaick, M., Bouwstra, J. A., Jansen, M., Klarenbeek, N., der Kolk, T. N., Vreeken, R. J., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127593

Ceramide Plays a Major Role in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis.

Ishida, K. (2019) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · doi:10.17632/9443yrtkn9

Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis

Nardo, A. D. (1998) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.1080/00015559850135788 · Cited by 483

Relationship of ceramide–, and free fatty acid–cholesterol ratios in the stratum corneum with skin barrier function of normal, atopic dermatitis lesional and non-lesional skins

Joo, K., Hwang, J.-H., Bae, S., Nahm, D., Park, H., Ye, Y., & Lim, K. (2014) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.10.001 · Cited by 57

Decreased Level of Ceramides in Stratum Corneum of Atopic Dermatitis: An Etiologic Factor in Atopic Dry Skin?

Imokawa, G., Abe, A., Jin, K., Higaki, Y., Kawashima, M., & Hidano, A. (1991) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470233 · Cited by 1,040

Decrease of Ceramides with Very Long–Chain Fatty Acids and Downregulation of Elongases in a Murine Atopic Dermatitis Model

Park, Y.-H., Jang, W.-H., Seo, J. A., Park, M., Lee, T. R., Park, Y.-H., Kim, D. K., & Lim, K. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.333 · Cited by 61