The role of adipokines in the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine
Open accessAbstract
We previously found that body mass index (BMI) strongly predicted response to ketamine. Adipokines have a key role in metabolism (including BMI). They directly regulate inflammation and neuroplasticity pathways and also influence insulin sensitivity, bone metabolism and sympathetic outflow; all of these have been implicated in mood disorders. Here, we sought to examine the role of three key adipokines-adiponectin, resistin and leptin-as potential predictors of response to ketamine or as possible transducers of its therapeutic effects. Eighty treatment-resistant subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for either major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder I/II and who were currently experiencing a major depressive episode received a single ketamine infusion (0.5 mg kg-1 for 40 min). Plasma adipokine levels were measured at three time points (pre-infusion baseline, 230 min post infusion and day 1 post infusion). Overall improvement and response were assessed using percent change from baseline on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Lower baseline levels of adiponectin significantly predicted ketamine's antidepressant efficacy, suggesting an adverse metabolic state. Because adiponectin significantly improves insulin sensitivity and has potent anti-inflammatory effects, this finding suggests that specific systemic abnormalities might predict positive response to ketamine. A ketamine-induced decrease in resistin was also observed; because resistin is a potent pro-inflammatory compound, this decrease suggests that ketamine's anti-inflammatory effects may be transduced, in part, by its impact on resistin. Overall, the findings suggest that adipokines may either predict response to ketamine or have a role in its possible therapeutic effects.
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Resistin levels decrease with positive response to ketamine, suggesting it may play a role in ketamine's anti-inflammatory antidepressant action.
“Resistin is a pro-inflammatory molecule, and its levels have been noted to decrease with positive response to ketamine, suggesting that it may play a role in ketamine’s anti-inflammatory antidepressant action.202”
From Ketamine as an antidepressant: Overview of its mechanisms of action and potential predictive biomarkers (2020) · cites this paper as [202]
Low levels of adiponectin may be predictive of ketamine response.
“It has been suggested that low levels of adiponectin, which typically acts as an anti-inflammatory and improves insulin sensitivity, may be predictive of ketamine response.”
From Ketamine as an antidepressant: Overview of its mechanisms of action and potential predictive biomarkers (2020) · cites this paper as [202]
Adipokines such as adiponectin, resistin and leptin regulate inflammatory and neuroplasticity pathways, as well as influence insulin sensitivity.
“Adipokines such as adiponectin, resistin and leptin regulate inflammatory and neuroplasticity pathways, as well as influence insulin sensitivity.202”
From Ketamine as an antidepressant: Overview of its mechanisms of action and potential predictive biomarkers (2020) · cites this paper as [202]
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ResultSelf-citationTian, Q., Chen, L., Luo, B., Wang, A., Zou, W., You, Y., Zhang, P., & Tang, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00399 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Recent studies reported that adiponectin mediates the antidepressant-like role of exercise as well as ketamine (16, 43).”
BackgroundYau, S., Lee, T. H.-Y., Li, A., Xu, A., & So, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00679 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Low adiponectin levels detected in depressed patients can be increased with antidepressant treatment (Machado-Vieira et al., 2017).”
BackgroundDale, R. M., Bryant, K. A., & Thompson, N. R. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001149 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rahman, S., Shanta, A. A., Daria, S., Nahar, Z., Shahriar, M., Qusar, M. S., Islam, S. M. A., Bhuiyan, M., & Islam, M. R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264404 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“observed a significant drop in serum resistin levels in patients who had an antidepressant response to ketamine [51].”
BackgroundThe role of adiponectin receptors in the regulation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus
Weisz, F., Piccinin, S., Mango, D., Ngomba, R. T., Mercuri, N. B., Nicoletti, F., & Nisticò, R. (2017) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.21964 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“However, a role for NMDA receptors cannot be ruled out, also considering the involvement of adi- ponectin in the response rate to ketamine in depressed patients (Machado-Vieira et al., 2016).”
BackgroundKetamine in Bipolar Disorder: A Review
Wilkowska, A., Szałach, Ł. P., & Cubała, W. J. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s282208 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Larrea, A., Sánchez-Sánchez, L., Díez-Martín, E., Elexpe, A., Torrecilla, M., Astigarraga, E., & Barreda‐Gómez, G. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13061727 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…of its antidepressant effect but also because of the novelty of the proposed mechanism of action, as ketamine is not a monoaminergic antidepressant but rather an NMDA receptor antagonist that acts on various neuronal pathways including the opioid, monoaminergic, glutamatergic, and muscarinic…”
BackgroundRosenblat, J. D., deVries, F. E., Doyle, Z., McIntyre, R. S., Rodin, G., Zimmermann, C., Mak, E., Hannon, B. L., Schulz-Quach, C., Al-Kindy, A., et al. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15020400 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“In addition, ketamine has been found to be more effective in patients with increased inflammation [38,39], suggesting the possibility that it can alleviate inflammatory “sickness behaviours”, a constellation of symptoms including altered energy, appetite, motivation, sleep and cognitive function [40], in this populati…”
BackgroundRepurposing Ketamine in Depression and Related Disorders: Can This Enigmatic Drug Achieve Success?
Carboni, E., Carta, A. R., Carboni, E., & Novelli, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.657714 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Liu, W., Zheng, W., Wang, C., Zhan, Y., Lan, X., Zhang, B., Zhang, C., & Ning, Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.001 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Inflammation Effects on Glutamate as a Pathway to Neuroprogression in Mood Disorders
Haroon, E., & Miller, A. H. (2017) · Modern trends in psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000470805 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lipsitz, O., McIntyre, R. S., Rodrigues, N. B., Lee, Y. L., Gill, H., Subramaniapillai, M., Kratiuk, K., Nasri, F., Mansur, R. B., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2020) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852920002102 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Quintanilla, B., Zarate, C. A., & Pillai, A. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02507-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Ketamine has also been found to regulate levels of adipokines – cytokines released by adipose cells – in individuals with MDD and bipolar disorder experiencing a major depressive episode [59].”
Self-citationFurman, J. L., Soyombo, A. A., Czysz, A. H., Jha, M. K., Carmody, T. J., Mason, B. L., Scherer, P. E., & Trivedi, M. H. (2018) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2018.05.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“demonstrated that low baseline adiponectin levels predicted effective treatment response to acute ketamine administration [39].”
BackgroundHursitoglu, O., Kurutas, E. B., Strawbridge, R., Oner, E., Gungor, M., Tuman, T. C., & Uygur, O. F. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110670 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Relationship Between Obesity and Depression Considering the Inflammatory Theory
Oracz, A. J., Zwierz, M., Naumowicz, M., Suprunowicz, M., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26114966 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…found that resistin was correlated with atypical depressive symptoms but not with typical presentations [99], and Machado-Vieira et al. reported that higher resistin concentrations were positively associated with symptom severity and decreased significantly following antidepressant treatment [85].”
InfluentialBeaudequin, D. A., Can, A., Dutton, M., Jones, M., Gallay, C. C., Schwenn, P., Yang, C., Forsyth, G., Simcock, G. P., Hermens, D. F., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02925-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Based on results of a subsequent study, the same researchers [50] suggested that systemic metabolic abnormalities might predict positive response to ketamine or at least have an indirect role in its therapeutic effects.”
ResultWang, W. T., Ling, B., Zhao, H., He, J., Xu, H., Lv, J., & Wang, Q. (2024) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-023-02377-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that esketamine can also act with leptin receptors through the glutamate system to relieve tension and depression [34].”
BackgroundGkesoglou, T., Bargiota, S. I., Iordanidou, E., Vasiliadis, M., Bozikas, V., & Agorastos, A. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12070940 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“showed that apart from the prognostic value of BMI, regarding the response to treatment with ketamine, lower baseline concentrations of adiponectin in the serum could predict antidepressant responses to ketamine [62].”
Ketamine and esketamine for crisis management in patients with depression: Why, whom, and how?
Lengvenytė, A., Strumila, R., Olié, É., & Courtet, P. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.02.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tsai, S., Kao, C.-F., Su, T., Li, C., Lin, W., Hong, C., Bai, Y., Tu, P., & Chen, M. (2023) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-023-00989-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chávez-Castillo, M., Nava, M., Ortega, Á., Rojas, M., Núñez, V., Salazar, J. J., Bermúdez, V., & Rojas, J. (2020) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x18666200413144401 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Adipokines may be predictors of antidepressant therapy outcomes, although similar concerns remain [89].”
BackgroundCord and Early Childhood Plasma Adiponectin Levels and Autism Risk: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study
Raghavan, R., Fallin, M. D., Hong, X., Wang, G.-Y., Ji, Y.-L., Stuart, E., Paige, D., & Wang, X.-B. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3688-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Key considerations in the pharmacological management of treatment-resistant depression
Yavi, M., Henter, I. D., Park, L. T., & Zarate, C. A. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2021.1951225 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationStudy of decreased serum levels of retinol binding protein 4 in major depressive disorder
Yao, Q., & Li, Y. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.030 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wittekind, D. A., Kratzsch, J., Biemann, R., Mergl, R., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Witte, A. V., Villringer, A., & Kluge, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.891325 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In humans, low adiponectin levels at baseline predicted a good response to ketamine in MDD patients (76).”
BackgroundLeptin, obesity, and response to ketamine
Rashidian, H., Rosenblat, J. D., McIntyre, R. S., & Mansur, R. B. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109773 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Parallel Pathways, Divergent Outcomes: Adipose Tissue–Neural Crosstalk in Depression and Obesity
Prodaniuc, A., Amălinei, C., Căruntu, I.-D., Riscanu, L., & Grigoraş, A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14238307 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yonezawa, K., Uchida, H., Yatomi, T., Ohtani, Y., Nomoto‐Takahashi, K., Nakajima, S., Mimura, M., & Tani, H. (2023) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-2179-8884 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…of neuromodulation treatment [12], lower baseline intelligence quotient [13], lower pretreatment working memory function [14], lower adiponectin [15], higher brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after ketamine administration [16], single nucleotide pol - ymorphism (SNP) in the Val/Val BDNF…”
BackgroundJoo, Y., Lee, M.-W., Son, Y., Chang, K., Yaqub, M. M., Kim, H.-K., Cumming, P. D., & Kim, J. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10010034 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Lower baseline blood adiponectin levels are also associated with the rapid antidepressant response to ketamine treatment, which has suppressive effects on neuroinflammation in MDD [31].”
BackgroundZheng, W., Zhou, Y., Wang, C., Lan, X., Zhang, B., Zhou, S., Yan, S., Yang, M., Nie, S., & Ning, Y. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125320973794 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“For example, high body mass index, 16,17 family history of alcohol dependence, 16–18 baseline cognitive function, 19 baseline left hippocampal volumes, 20 early changes in kynurenine (KYN) and kynurenic acid/KYN, 21 and adiponectin 22 could predict the effects of ketamine in depressed patients.”
Adiponectin predicts poor response to antidepressant drugs in major depressive disorder
Benedetti, F., Branchi, I., Poletti, S., Lorenzi, C., Bigai, G., Colombo, C., & Zanardi, R. (2021) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2793 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Li, Y., Han, S., Xie, T., Song, K., Zeng, W., Wang, H.-B., Hu, C., Zhang, Z., Hashimoto, K., Ma, L., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.178468 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
From Fat to Brain: Adiponectin as a Mediator of Neuroplasticity in Depression
Genini, P., D’Aprile, I., Petrillo, G., Benedetto, M. G. D., Begni, V., Cattane, N., & Cattaneo, A. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15121642 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Low baseline plasma adiponectin levels have been associated with a rapid clinical response to ketamine, with lower initial concentrations correlating with greater treatment efficacy [118].”
The Future of Psychoneuroimmunology: Promises and Challenges
Halaris, A. E., Bechter, K., Haroon, E., Leonard, B. E., Miller, A. H., Pariante, C. M., & Zunszain, P. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70554-5_15 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tan, J.-Q., Gu, L.-M., Zhou, Y., Wang, C., Lan, X., Zheng, W., & Ning, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1498952 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In contrast, Machado-Vieira et al. (45) reported an inverse relationship, suggesting that lower adiponectin levels at baseline could predict the antidepressant effects of ketamine in patients with MDD or BD. Lipsitz et al. (44) found that baseline BMI levels were not predictive of the response to four ketamine infusio…”
Adiponectin blood levels and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review
Ali, M., Kamran, M., Talha, M., & Shad, M. U. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05529-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In this context, decreased adiponectin levels have been associated with clinically significant affective episodes [69] and increased sympathomimetic activity, as observed in depression [70].”
BackgroundChoi, W., Kim, J.-W., Kang, H.-J., Kim, H., Kang, H.-C., Lee, J.-Y.-O., Kim, S.-W., Stewart, R., & Kim, J.-M. (2022) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2022.20.4.662 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“[27], whereas others found a worse treatment response [27] or no significant association [28].”
BackgroundMethodDmitrzak-Węglarz, M., Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor, M., Rybakowski, F., & Permoda-Pachuta, A. (2022) · World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2022.2097739 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“2019), while resistin was less frequently studied (Barbosa et al. 2012; Lee et al. 2014; Soeiro-de-Souza et al. 2014; Bond et al. 2017; Machado-Vieira et al. 2017; Tunçel et al. 2018).”
BackgroundZarate, C. A. (2017) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.08.009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Y., Zhao, K., Cao, P., Wang, Q., Li, K., Zhang, J., & Zhou, J. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07809-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Third, esketamine may alleviate tension and depression through interactions between the glutamate system and leptin receptors [22].”
Ansari, M., Rhee, T. G., Santucci, M. C., & Nikayin, S. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.198 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ramirez, A., Howes, S. A., & Chilton, R. (2025) · Diabetes, obesity and metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16248 · Cited by 4
Effects of ketamine on metabolic parameters in depressive disorders: A systematic review
Wong, S., Le, G. H., Mansur, R. B., Rosenblat, J. D., Kwan, A. T. H., Teopiz, K. M., & McIntyre, R. S. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.208 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Use of Serum Biomarkers to Aid Antidepressant Selection in Depressive Patients
Kang, H.-J., Kim, J.-W., Choi, W., Lee, J.-Y.-O., Kim, S.-W., Shin, I., & Kim, J.-M. (2023) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.23.1071 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…have been re-Biomarkers ported regarding the predictive value of peripheral leptin levels in terms of the antidepressant response; lower levels were associated with a poor response in a study that did not stratify by antidepressants [24], and no significant association was reported elsewhere [25].”
Melanson, B. A., Lapointe, T., & Leri, F. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05748-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Courtes, A. C., Jones, G. H., Henter, I. D., Shahani, L., Fries, G. R., Juruena, M. F., Soares, J. C., Zarate, C. A., & Machado‐Vieira, R. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationRETN gene polymorphisms interact with alcohol dependence in association with depression
Xu, X., Xu, Z., Zhou, F., Chen, L., Li, H., Niculescu, M., Shen, G., Wu, L., Wang, W., Chen, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.24933 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Anzolin, A. P., Goularte, J. F., Pinto, J. V., Belmonte-de-Abreu, P. S., Cruz, L. N., Cordova, V. H. S., Magalhães, L. S., Rosa, A. R., Ceresér, K. M. M., & Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1147298 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Ketamine acts on glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter, as a non-competitive antagonist on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor; the effectiveness of glutamate modulating agents in the treatment of mood disorders regulates of glutamatergic neurotransmission, contributing to the pathophysiology of de…”
BackgroundThe adiponectin-depression nexus: a brief review of mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Li, W., Murtaza, I., & Ali, T. (2026) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-025-01757-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Conversely, elevated baseline adiponectin levels have been linked to diminished therapeutic responses to certain interventions, including ketamine and various SSRIs and SNRIs(Benedetti et al. 2021a; Li et al. 2020b ; Machado-Vieira et al. 2016 ; Formolo 2019).”
Kalkman, H. O., & Smigielski, L. (2025) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.70019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alterations in Adipokine Levels Are Associated with Human Perinatal Anxiety and Depression
Camacho‐Arroyo, I., Flores‐Ramos, M., Mancilla‐Herrera, I., Coronel, F., Farfán-Labonne, B. E., Aquino, L. E. J., Meza-Rodríguez, M. D. P., Hernández-Ruiz, J., & Leff, P. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14124102
“This is exemplified by adipokines—metabolic modulators primarily synthesized in adipose tissue—which perform numerous functions in the body, including the regulation of mood [23–25].”
Pereira, M. S., Anzolin, A. P., Londero, M. D. B., Zegarra, N. R. M., Pranke, M. A., & Cruz, L. N. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.psycr.2023.100116 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ketamine’s Mechanisms of Rapid Antidepressant Activity: Evidence from Preclinical Studies
Hermes, G., & Sanacora, G. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42925-0_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Oracz, A. J., Suprunowicz, M., Turczyńska, E., Grzeszczuk, P., Zarzycka, D., Qaheri, M., & Konarzewska, B. (2026) · Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii · doi:10.5114/ppn.2026.164932
“Inter-estingly, it has been shown that the lower the baseline concentration of adiponectin in the blood, the stronger the response to ketamine [41].”
Mechlińska, A., Wiglusz, M. S., Słupski, J., Pastuszak, K., & Cubała, W. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1858899
“A slightly better therapeutic response was observed in patients with higher BMI values, a characteristic that is generally associated with elevated circulating leptin concentrations (22).”
Huang, C.-X., Guan, Z.-C., Wang, S., Liu, W., Zu, F.-Q., Sun, J.-K., Geng, F., Li, R., Wong, G., Zhang, Y., et al. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04241-w
“In addition, some potentially relevant perioperative domains, including dissociative symptoms and postoperative sleep-related outcomes, were not systematically assessed and warrant further investigation in future studies.”
Breit, S. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20260006
“Adipokines, such as adiponectin and leptin, may play a role in these therapeutic effects [139,140].”
Ketamine or Esketamine in Special Populations of Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression
Grabarczyk, Ł., Wolfermann, S. R., Oniszczuk, H., & Radkowski, P. (2026) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.950601
“In contrast, Machado-Vieira et al [92] reported an inverse association; Lipsitz et al [93] observed no relationship between body mass index and treatment response.”
Pustay, D., Patel, V., Ulisse, K., & Aromin, J. T. (2026) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2026.2623198
Plasma leptin levels are lower in females, but not males, with ketamine use disorder
Huang, M., Chiang, L.-J., Chien, W.-H., Liu, T., Chen, C.-H., & Liu, Y. (2024) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2024.2394963
“Expanding on prior research suggesting a decrease in leptin levels after acute ketamine administration (21), we hypothesized that chronic and heavy ketamine use may be associated with a decrease in leptin levels, with potential variations based on sex.”
Ketamine in Psychiatric Disorders
Danyeli, L. V., Götting, F. N., Şen, Z. D., Li, M., & Walter, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_420-1
- Authors
- Machado-Vieira, R., Gold, P. W., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Ballard, E. D., Richards, E. M., Henter, I. D., De Sousa, R. T., Niciu, M. J., Yuan, P., & Zarate, C. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 2016-04-05
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 127-133
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- PMC
- PMC5112162
- OpenAlex
- W2320467731
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 8.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (Z01MH002857, ZIAMH002857)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Keywords
- ketamine, adipokines, adiponectin, resistin, leptin, antidepressant response prediction, treatment-resistant depression, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anti-inflammatory activity, insulin sensitivity, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Bipolar Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Ketamine, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Treatment Outcome, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Adiponectin, Resistin, Adipokines, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
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