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Busulfan Conditioning Enhances Engraftment of Hematopoietic Donor-derived Cells in the Brain Compared With Irradiation

Wilkinson, Fiona L, Sergijenko, Ana, Langford-Smith, Kia J, Malinowska, Marcela, Wynn, Rob F, Bigger, Brian W·2013·Molecular Therapy
DOI 10.1038/mt.2013.29
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Figure 1 Quantification of total, resting, and activated donor-derived microglia in the brains of busulfan- and irradiation-conditioned transplant recipients. ( a ) (i) GFP + bone marrow (BM) was delivered via the tail vein into mice that had undergone full myeloablative conditioning, using either busulfan (Bu) or irradiation (Ir), to investigate the level of brain engraftment after BMT. (ii) Peripheral blood donor cell chimerism (GFP) was significantly lower in busulfan-conditioned recipients compared with the irradiated (* P < 0.0001) 2 weeks after BMT with full chimerism reached in both groups by 7 weeks ( n = 6/group). (iii) 6 to 9 months after BMT, the number of GFP + cells were counted from six coronal sections of brain taken from Bregma 0.98, 0.26, -0.46, -1.18, -1.94, and -2.62 mm (1 to 6; n = 6 mice/group). ( b ) GFP + cells (brown; nuclei stained blue) were counted according to their morphology; ( c ) ramified or amoeboid (bar = 50 μm) in both the short (2 weeks) and long term (6-9 months) after BMT. The overall number of GFP + cells and number of ramified donor-derived GFP + cells in busulfan-conditioned brain was significantly higher than irradiated brain at both timepoints ( P < 0.03). Irradiated brain contained significantly more activated amoeboid GFP + donor-derived cells long term after BMT ( P < 0.001). ( d ) Distribution of GFP + cells (green) in the primary motor, somatosensory and parietal areas of the cerebral cortex and the submedial and ventromedial thalamic nucleus of irradiated and busulfan-conditioned brains taken from the same area of Bregma (-0.46 mm) were visualized using confocal microscopy (bar = 100 μm). Arrows show ramified cells and arrow heads show amoeboid GFP + cells. Ramified GFP + cells were more likely to be detected in the submedial and ventromedial thalamic nucleus. ( e ) Significantly more ramified GFP + cells were detected in all regions of busulfan-conditioned brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and the rest of the brain; P = 0.05) except in the white matter, long term after BMT. By contrast, significantly more amoeboid GFP + cells were detected in all regions of irradiated brain ( P < 0.001) except in the white matter. Error bars represent the SEM and P values are from Student's t -test ( b and e ) or one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multicomparison test ( a (ii)). BMT, bone marrow transplantation; GFP, green fluorescent protein.
Figure 1 Quantification of total, resting, and activated donor-derived microglia in the brains of busulfan- and irradiation-conditioned transplant recipients. ( a ) (i) GFP + bone marrow (BM) was delivered via the tail vein into mice that had undergone full myeloablative conditioning, using either busulfan (Bu) or irradiation (Ir), to investigate the level of brain engraftment after BMT. (ii) Peripheral blood donor cell chimerism (GFP) was significantly lower in busulfan-conditioned recipients compared with the irradiated (* P < 0.0001) 2 weeks after BMT with full chimerism reached in both groups by 7 weeks ( n = 6/group). (iii) 6 to 9 months after BMT, the number of GFP + cells were counted from six coronal sections of brain taken from Bregma 0.98, 0.26, -0.46, -1.18, -1.94, and -2.62 mm (1 to 6; n = 6 mice/group). ( b ) GFP + cells (brown; nuclei stained blue) were counted according to their morphology; ( c ) ramified or amoeboid (bar = 50 μm) in both the short (2 weeks) and long term (6-9 months) after BMT. The overall number of GFP + cells and number of ramified donor-derived GFP + cells in busulfan-conditioned brain was significantly higher than irradiated brain at both timepoints ( P < 0.03). Irradiated brain contained significantly more activated amoeboid GFP + donor-derived cells long term after BMT ( P < 0.001). ( d ) Distribution of GFP + cells (green) in the primary motor, somatosensory and parietal areas of the cerebral cortex and the submedial and ventromedial thalamic nucleus of irradiated and busulfan-conditioned brains taken from the same area of Bregma (-0.46 mm) were visualized using confocal microscopy (bar = 100 μm). Arrows show ramified cells and arrow heads show amoeboid GFP + cells. Ramified GFP + cells were more likely to be detected in the submedial and ventromedial thalamic nucleus. ( e ) Significantly more ramified GFP + cells were detected in all regions of busulfan-conditioned brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and the rest of the brain; P = 0.05) except in the white matter, long term after BMT. By contrast, significantly more amoeboid GFP + cells were detected in all regions of irradiated brain ( P < 0.001) except in the white matter. Error bars represent the SEM and P values are from Student's t -test ( b and e ) or one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multicomparison test ( a (ii)). BMT, bone marrow transplantation; GFP, green fluorescent protein.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Figure 2 Quantification of total, resting, and activated Iba-1 + microglia in the brains of busulfan- and irradiation-conditioned transplant recipients. ( a ) The number of Iba-1 + cells were counted in the adjacent set of six brain sections, also according to their morphology, either ramified or amoeboid ( n = 6/group). A significant difference in the overall number and number of ramified Iba-1 + cells was detected in the brains of irradiated (Ir) recipients in the short-term period after BMT ( P < 0.01) compared with the busulfan-conditioned (Bu) recipients. No significant differences in Iba-1 + cells were detected in recipients long term after BMT. ( b ) Colocalization of GFP (green) and Iba-1 (red; nuclei, blue) in recipients in both the short and long term after BMT at high magnification (bar = 20 μm) visualized using confocal microscopy. Error bars represent the SEM and P values are from Student's t -test. BMT, bone marrow transplantation; GFP, green fluorescent protein.
Figure 2 Quantification of total, resting, and activated Iba-1 + microglia in the brains of busulfan- and irradiation-conditioned transplant recipients. ( a ) The number of Iba-1 + cells were counted in the adjacent set of six brain sections, also according to their morphology, either ramified or amoeboid ( n = 6/group). A significant difference in the overall number and number of ramified Iba-1 + cells was detected in the brains of irradiated (Ir) recipients in the short-term period after BMT ( P < 0.01) compared with the busulfan-conditioned (Bu) recipients. No significant differences in Iba-1 + cells were detected in recipients long term after BMT. ( b ) Colocalization of GFP (green) and Iba-1 (red; nuclei, blue) in recipients in both the short and long term after BMT at high magnification (bar = 20 μm) visualized using confocal microscopy. Error bars represent the SEM and P values are from Student's t -test. BMT, bone marrow transplantation; GFP, green fluorescent protein.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Image 3
CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Figure 4 Quantification of numbers of proliferating Ki67 + cells in the brains of busulfan- and irradiation-conditioned transplant recipients. ( a ) To examine the level of proliferation after BMT, Ki67 + cells were counted in brain sections taken from Bregma 0.26, -0.46, -1.18, and -1.94 mm (2 to 5; Figure 1a ; (iii)) both in the short ( n = 4/group) and long term after BMT ( n = 3-4/group; one value was excluded as it was >10 SDs outside of the mean). Proliferation was significantly higher in irradiated (Ir) brain in the long-term group compared with the busulfan-conditioned (Bu) brain. ( b ) (i and ii) Ki67 + proliferating cells were identified as Iba-1 + and ( c ) (i and ii) GFAP - using colocalization immunohistochemistry. Brain sections were visualized using confocal microscopy at low ( b (i) and c (i); bar = 100 μm) and higher power ( b (ii) bar = 20 μm and c (ii) bar = 40 μm). The boxed areas in b (i) and c (i) are magnified in b (ii) and c (ii) respectively. Error bars represent the SEM and P values are from Student's t -test. BMT, bone marrow transplantation.
Figure 4 Quantification of numbers of proliferating Ki67 + cells in the brains of busulfan- and irradiation-conditioned transplant recipients. ( a ) To examine the level of proliferation after BMT, Ki67 + cells were counted in brain sections taken from Bregma 0.26, -0.46, -1.18, and -1.94 mm (2 to 5; Figure 1a ; (iii)) both in the short ( n = 4/group) and long term after BMT ( n = 3-4/group; one value was excluded as it was >10 SDs outside of the mean). Proliferation was significantly higher in irradiated (Ir) brain in the long-term group compared with the busulfan-conditioned (Bu) brain. ( b ) (i and ii) Ki67 + proliferating cells were identified as Iba-1 + and ( c ) (i and ii) GFAP - using colocalization immunohistochemistry. Brain sections were visualized using confocal microscopy at low ( b (i) and c (i); bar = 100 μm) and higher power ( b (ii) bar = 20 μm and c (ii) bar = 40 μm). The boxed areas in b (i) and c (i) are magnified in b (ii) and c (ii) respectively. Error bars represent the SEM and P values are from Student's t -test. BMT, bone marrow transplantation.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Figure 5 Quantification of chemokine/cytokines in the brains of busulfanand irradiation-conditioned transplant recipients. Cytometric Bead Array analysis demonstrated upregulation of MCP-1, MIP-1 A , and IL-1 A in busulfan-conditioned (Bu) and irradiated (Ir) brain compared with the wild-type controls ( P < 0.04; data not shown). 24 hours posttreatment, MCP-1 was significantly elevated in the serum of busulfan-conditioned recipients ( P < 0.04) and in irradiated brain ( P < 0.01); G-CSF was significantly elevated in busulfan-conditioned serum and brain ( P < 0.05); IL-1 A was significantly elevated in irradiated serum and brain and MIP-1 A was significantly elevated in irradiated brain ( P < 0.05; n = 7-8/group). At 6-9 months (long term), MCP-1 was significantly increased in busulfan-conditioned brain compared with the irradiated ( P < 0.002) and IL-1 A was significantly higher in irradiated brain ( P < 0.01; n = 2-4/group). Cytometric Bead Array analysis demonstrated upregulation of IL-6 in busulfan-conditioned brain ( P < 0.001) and RANTES and irradiated serum ( P < 0.001). KC, IL-1 B , IL-9, IL-13, IFNG , and GM-CSF were below the level of detection at both timepoints. Error bars represent the SEM and P values are from Student's ttest.
Figure 5 Quantification of chemokine/cytokines in the brains of busulfanand irradiation-conditioned transplant recipients. Cytometric Bead Array analysis demonstrated upregulation of MCP-1, MIP-1 A , and IL-1 A in busulfan-conditioned (Bu) and irradiated (Ir) brain compared with the wild-type controls ( P < 0.04; data not shown). 24 hours posttreatment, MCP-1 was significantly elevated in the serum of busulfan-conditioned recipients ( P < 0.04) and in irradiated brain ( P < 0.01); G-CSF was significantly elevated in busulfan-conditioned serum and brain ( P < 0.05); IL-1 A was significantly elevated in irradiated serum and brain and MIP-1 A was significantly elevated in irradiated brain ( P < 0.05; n = 7-8/group). At 6-9 months (long term), MCP-1 was significantly increased in busulfan-conditioned brain compared with the irradiated ( P < 0.002) and IL-1 A was significantly higher in irradiated brain ( P < 0.01; n = 2-4/group). Cytometric Bead Array analysis demonstrated upregulation of IL-6 in busulfan-conditioned brain ( P < 0.001) and RANTES and irradiated serum ( P < 0.001). KC, IL-1 B , IL-9, IL-13, IFNG , and GM-CSF were below the level of detection at both timepoints. Error bars represent the SEM and P values are from Student's ttest.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Wilkinson, F. L., Sergijenko, A., Langford-Smith, K. J., Malinowska, M., Wynn, R. F., & Bigger, B. W.
Venue
Molecular Therapy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-04
Volume
21
Issue
4
Pages
868-876
ISSN
1525-0016
DOI
10.1038/mt.2013.29
Cited by
112
References
5
Language
en
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erratum (2013-07-01)
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Wilkinson, F. L., Sergijenko, A., Langford-Smith, K. J., Malinowska, M., Wynn, R. F., & Bigger, B. W. (2013). Busulfan Conditioning Enhances Engraftment of Hematopoietic Donor-derived Cells in the Brain Compared With Irradiation. Molecular Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2013.29