The DOI matches its Crossref record; 165 of the 166 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tools for translation: non-viral materials for therapeutic mRNA delivery
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“To maximize translation, the mRNA sequence typically incorporates modified nucleosides, such as pseudouridine, N1-methylpseudouridine or other nucleoside analogues23.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“mRNA has shown therapeutic potential in a range of applications, including viral vaccines, protein replacement therapies, cancer immunotherapies, cellular reprogramming and genome editing2,4,7–17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“These lipids can improve nanoparticle properties, such as particle stability, delivery efficacy, tolerability and biodistribution7,14,17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Trapped in endosomes, in which the pH is lower than in the extracellular environment, ionizable lipids are protonated and, therefore, become positively charged, which may promote membrane destabilization and facilitate endosomal escape of the nanoparticles7,11,14”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“To function in vivo, lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations need to overcome multiple extracellular and intracellular barriers7,11 (Fig. 3a).”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In addition to cationic or ionizable lipids, lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations typically contain other lipid components, such as phospholipids (for example, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine), cholesterol or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized lipids (PEG-lipids)7,14,17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“The pH-sensitivity of ionizable lipids is beneficial for mRNA delivery in vivo, because neutral lipids have less interactions with the anionic membranes of blood cells and, thus, improve the biocompatibility of lipid nanoparticles7,11,14.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“mRNA normally contains five structural elements, that is, a 5′ cap, a 3′ poly(A) tail, a protein-coding sequence and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs)2,4,7,13.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“These elements can be engineered to improve the stability and translational efficiency of mRNA2,4,7,13.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Chemical modifications of specific IVT mRNA nucleotides, such as pseudouridine (ψ) and N1-methylpseudouridine (m1ψ), can reduce innate immune sensing of exogenous mRNA translation2,4,7,182.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Chromatographic purification can remove double-stranded RNA, an analogue of viral genome, in IVT mRNA preparations, diminishing immune activation and increasing translational efficiency2,4,7,183.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“To address these concerns, the engineering of mRNA molecules (Box 1) and the design of lipid nanoparticles have been optimized2,4,7–17, which has contributed to the rapid development and clinical assessment15,17 of the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, mRNA-1273 (NCT04470427)19,20 and BNT162b2 (NCT04368728)21.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Polymers, such as polyethyleneimine, protamine and polyaspartamide derivatives, are already widely used for mRNA delivery7–17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“mRNA functions as the bridge between DNA and proteins in eukaryotic cells.[8, 12, 119]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Polyethylenimine (PEI) is one of the most developed cationic polymers [39], but its toxicity has limited the therapeutic applications.[8, 124]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Compared with protein drugs, mRNA can supplement both cytoplasmic and large transmembranic proteins.[8, 119, 120]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Recently, many biomaterials have been developed for mRNA delivery, including lipids and lipid derived materials, polymers, and many others. [8, 39, 120, 124]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Relative to plasmid DNA (pDNA), mRNA possesses temporary bioactivity and functions outside the nucleus, leading to a more controllable protein expression and avoiding the potential insertion of the genome.[8, 119, 120]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“For many GARDs, the liver is a preferred organ for mRNA-based PRTs because systemically administrated mRNA vehicles are predominantly trapped by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the liver.”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“In addition, the interaction between apolipoprotein E (apoE) and biomaterials such as lipid and lipid derived materials facilitates the accumulation in the liver.[8, 18, 34, 39, 59, 120, 121, 124, 164, 165]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Meanwhile, ionizable lipid and lipid derived materials, which acquire positive charges at low pH and become neutral at physiological pH, have been developed for decreasing the toxicity and immunogenicity while retaining the delivery efficiency.[8]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
Citations
Cites
Takahashi, K., & Yamanaka, S. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024 · Cited by 26,673
Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems
Cong, L., Ran, F. A., Cox, D., Lin, S., Barretto, R., Habib, N., Hsu, P. D., Wu, X., Jiang, W., Marraffini, L. A., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1231143 · Cited by 15,339
The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9
Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1258096 · Cited by 7,062
Boussif, O., Lezoualc’h, F., Zanta, M. A., Djavaheri‐Mergny, M., Scherman, D., DEMENEIX, B. A., & Behr, J. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.16.7297 · Cited by 6,256
Development and Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Engineering
Hsu, P. D., Lander, E. S., & Zhang, F. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010 · Cited by 5,762
Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers
Torchilin, V. P. (2005) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1632 · Cited by 5,282
Cpf1 Is a Single RNA-Guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System
Zetsche, B., Gootenberg, J. S., Abudayyeh, O. O., Slaymaker, I. M., Makarova, K. S., Essletzbichler, P., Volz, S. E., Joung, J., van der Oost, J., Regev, A., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.038 · Cited by 4,761
Direct Gene Transfer into Mouse Muscle in Vivo
Wolff, J. A., Malone, R. W., Williams, P., Chong, W., Acsadi, G., Jani, A., & Felgner, P. L. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1690918 · Cited by 4,173
Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8
Heil, F., Hemmi, H., Hochrein, H., Ampenberger, F., Kirschning, C., Akira, S., Lipford, G., Wagner, H., & Bauer, S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093620 · Cited by 3,947
Factors affecting the clearance and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles
Alexis, F., Pridgen, E., Molnar, L. K., & Farokhzad, O. C. (2008) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp800051m · Cited by 3,699
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Moderna Therapeutics. Moderna Provides Pipeline and Full-Year Corporate Update. Moderna [online], https://www.modernatx.com/newsroom/press-releases/moderna-provides-pipeline-and-full-year-corporate-update (2017).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 799
Maiti, B., Kumar, K., Datta, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2021) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01039 · Cited by 6
Yoshinaga, N., Cho, E., Koji, K., Mochida, Y., Naito, M., Osada, K., Kataoka, K., Cabral, H., & Uchida, S. (2019) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201905203 · Cited by 6
Emerging medicines to improve the basic defect in cystic fibrosis
Fajac, I., & Sermet‐Gaudelus, I. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1080/14728214.2022.2092612 · Cited by 6
“trol of the dose is easier than with DNA [46,47].”
BackgroundKorzun, T., Moses, A. S., Diba, P., Sattler, A. L., Olson, B. G., Taratula, O. R., Pejovic, T. B., Marks, D. L., & Taratula, O. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202301776 · Cited by 6
Non‐Viral RNA Delivery During Pregnancy: Opportunities and Challenges
Chaudhary, N., Newby, A. N., & Whitehead, K. A. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202306134 · Cited by 6
Self-citationOptimization of Synthesis of the Amino Lipid ECO for Effective Delivery of Nucleic Acids
Schilb, A. L., Scheidt, J. H., Vaidya, A. M., Sun, Z., Sun, D., Lee, S. J., & Lu, Z. (2021) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph14101016 · Cited by 6
Nonviral vector system for cancer immunogene therapy
Nie, W., Chen, J., Wang, B., & Gao, X. (2022) · MedComm – Biomaterials and Applications · doi:10.1002/mba2.10 · Cited by 6
Editorial: Delivery systems in biologics-based therapeutics
Dirisala, A., Li, J., Gonzalez‐Carter, D., & Wang, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1274210 · Cited by 6
Lipid nanoparticle mediated mRNA delivery in cancer immunotherapy
Asthana, G. S., Bhattacharjee, S., Kumar, J., Sayyed, S., Jindal, A., Kumar, P., Chinchane, A., Bhattacharyya, A., Jaiswal, R., Kulkarni, S., et al. (2025) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2025.02.001 · Cited by 5
Selection of UTRs in mRNA-Based Gene Therapy and Vaccines
Volkhin, I. A., Paremskaia, A. I., Dashian, M. A., Smeshnova, D. S., Pavlov, R. E., Mityaeva, O. N., Volchkov, P. Y., & Deviatkin, A. A. (2025) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297924604659 · Cited by 7
“…into smaller peptide epitopes that are presented on the cell surface by the major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) class I and class II to CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, leading to the development of cellular and humoral immunity, respectively, against the antigen encoded in the mRNA [17, 21].”
InfluentialLipid nanoparticle-assisted mRNA therapy for cancer treatment
Kim, H.-J., Le, N. D., Oh, H.-J., Kim, B., Yoo, E., Kim, J., & Yim, H. (2025) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0247029 · Cited by 5
Messenger RNA delivery to islet β cells using conjugated lipid nanoparticles
Enriquez, J. R., Zhou, Z., Nelson, J. B., Huang, F., Figatner, K. T., Chakraborty, A., Pratuangtham, S., Xi, B., May, S. C., Tirrell, M., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102634 · Cited by 5
“24 These lipids can be combined in different proportions to generate libraries of LNPs, which can be leveraged as an effective vector for therapeutic action.”
Nanoparticles-enhanced CAR-T cell therapy: current advances and future directions
Wang, Z., Cheng, G., Guo, W., Chen, H., Zhou, Z., Shi, R., Gao, H., Li, H., Tu, J., Chen, W., et al. (2026) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-026-00895-2 · Cited by 5
Direct cytosolic delivery of DNA by creating fast closable holes in the cell membrane
Wang, H., You, W., Gao, F., Zhang, L., Shen, A., Wang, F., Chen, G., Nie, X., Xia, L., Huang, W., et al. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.140962 · Cited by 5
Rano, S., Bhaduri, A., & Singh, M. (2023) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106876 · Cited by 8
Biodegradable Hyperbranched Poly(Amine‐Co‐Ester)‐Based Polymeric Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery
Liu, G., Xiang, W., Guan, M., Xu, C., Liu, J., Zhao, C., & Deng, Y. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202425986 · Cited by 5
“However, LNP technology faces several challenges, including toxic side effects[6-9], limited administration routes[10], difficulties in targeted delivery[11], and stringent storage and transportation requirements, significantly restricting its application range.”
Respiratory mucosal vaccines: Applications, delivery strategies and design considerations
Shi, T., Ye, Y., Fan, Z., Yang, Q., Ma, Y., & Zhu, J. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118326 · Cited by 8
Chang, T. M. S. (2022) · Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/21691401.2022.2126491 · Cited by 5
Shaputkin, E. D., Nifant'ev, I. E., Bagrov, V. V., Shlyakhtin, A. V., Abashkin, D. A., Galiakberova, A. A., & Ivchenko, P. V. (2022) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111644 · Cited by 5
Park, H., Sut, T. N., Yoon, B. K., Zhdanov, V. P., Cho, N., & Jackman, J. A. (2022) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02252 · Cited by 5
Molecular dynamics simulations on the interactions between nucleic acids and a phospholipid bilayer
Xu, Y., Huang, S.-W., Ding, H., & Ma, Y. (2023) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ad1178 · Cited by 5
Lipid-based nanoparticles and their recent advances
Sujeevan, O. (2024) · GSC Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.3.0096 · Cited by 5
“Additionally, the high affinity of hydrophobic drugs for the lipid environment can potentially lead to particle overload, affecting nanoparticle stability and causing uncontrolled drug release [28].”
BackgroundAl-Jumaili, M. M. O. (2023) · Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ) · doi:10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_145_23 · Cited by 6
Melamed, J. R., Muscat-Rivera, J., Kegel, M., Chaboub, L. S., Perez‐Tremble, R., Bhalla, N. S., Ni, H., Sun, H., & Weissman, D. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683125 · Cited by 5
“3 This versatility positions mRNA-LNPs not only as vaccines for infectious diseases, but also as prophylactic and therapeutic agents for cancer, autoimmune disorders, allergies, gene therapy, and inflammatory conditions.”
Combating respiratory diseases with mucosal vaccines
Tang, P. C. H., Ling, Z., Lee, M., King, N. J. C., & Mahalingam, S. (2026) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00146-26 · Cited by 5
“Various materials to deliver mRNA vaccines safely have been studied (148, 172–174).”
Acid-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: Advances and Perspectives
Zhong, H., Zong, Y., Du, H., Wang, J., Qu, S., Gong, N., Yu, B., Cheng, Q., & Guo, S. (2026) · Polymer science & technology. · doi:10.1021/polymscitech.6c00051 · Cited by 4
Nonviral delivery of chemically modified tRNA rescues nonsense mutations in cystic fibrosis
Chen, J., Zhou, M., Dong, S., Gong, F., Tennakoon, R., Seto, B. Y., Chen, Z. R., Zhou, Z. P., Pan, J., Xu, Y., et al. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aeb0054 · Cited by 4
Aptamer-Targeted Dendrimersomes Assembled from Azido-Modified Janus Dendrimers “Clicked” to DNA
Bristow, P., Schantz, K., Moosbrugger, Z., Martin, K., Liebenberg, H., Steimle, S., Xiao, Q., Percec, V., & Wilner, S. E. (2024) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01108 · Cited by 4
The Recent Research Progress of the Tumor mRNA Vaccine
Zhao, H., Li, M., Zhou, J., Hu, L., Lu, S., & Li, P. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12101167 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, certain delivery means can lower the immunogenicity of mRNA, thereby mitigating inflammation and adverse reactions [30].”
BackgroundBasics of the kinetics of aggregation and attachment of biological nanoparticles
Zhdanov, V. P. (2024) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.136024 · Cited by 4
mRNA therapy: A new frontier in regenerative medicine
Xue, D., Zhang, Y., Shen, A., Tang, T., Liu, B., & Lv, L. (2025) · Interdisciplinary medicine · doi:10.1002/inmd.20240054 · Cited by 5
Recent advances and clinical prospects of non-viral brain-targeted gene delivery systems
Wang, S., Xu, L.-L., Ma, F., Xu, M., Chen, G., Wang, D., Wu, X., Wang, P., Yu, J., & Shi, L. (2025) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0255745 · Cited by 4
mRNA and gene therapy for diabetes: The next-generation treatment frontiers
Mourya, A. K., Jindal, N., & Kumar, A. (2025) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jpet.2025.103706 · Cited by 4
Homing of mRNA-Modified Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Inflamed Endothelium
Canjuga, D., Steinle, H., Mayer, J., Uhde, A.-K., Klein, G., Wendel, H. P., Schlensak, C., & Avci‐Adali, M. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14061194 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, synthetic mRNAs are only transiently present in the cells until they are naturally degraded [26].”
BackgroundmRNA Delivery Systems Based on Protein Nanocages: How Far Can We Go?
Wang, X., Gao, R., Wang, X., Zhou, J., Zhang, X., & Li, F. (2024) · BioDesign Research · doi:10.34133/bdr.0032 · Cited by 5
“Fourth, mRNA is particularly suitable for transient protein expression, such as in gene editing, to minimize off-target effects [3].”
BackgroundWang, C., Bo, T., Wu, C., Wang, F., Wang, N., Guo, R., Zhao, Y., Pan, C., Zhang, Y., Yao, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113668 · Cited by 4
Inside the cell: Approaches to evaluating mRNA internalization and trafficking
Runzer, C. D. T., Plank, C., van Griensven, M., & Balmayor, E. R. (2025) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2025.06.006 · Cited by 5
Ongun, M., Lokras, A. G., Foged, C., & Thakur, A. (2022) · RNA technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08415-7_11 · Cited by 4
An Overview of Gene Editing Modalities and Related Non-clinical Testing Considerations
Vats, S., Ballesteros, C., Hung, S., Sparapani, S., Wong, K., Haruna, J., Li, C., & Authier, S. (2023) · International Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1177/10915818231153996 · Cited by 4
“A typical LNP consists of an ionizable lipid, cholesterol to provide rigidity, polyethylene glycol to assist with bilayer formation, and a helper lipid to allow for ease of endocytosis and fusion.(30) LNPs are appealing due to their efficient encapsulation of cargo, durable and scalable manufacturing process, and long…”
BackgroundModerne Konzepte der Nanobiotechnologie für mRNA‐Abgabesysteme
Wang, Y., & Yu, C. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202003545 · Cited by 4
Biswal, M. R., Roy, S., & Singh, J. K. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614899 · Cited by 4
A modular polymer platform for efficient mRNA delivery in cancer immunotherapy
Lin, G., Huang, J., Li, X., Liu, Y., Juenke, T., Finstad, A., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Nanoscale Horizons · doi:10.1039/d5nh00299k · Cited by 3
Pastre, A., Brass, O., Terreux, R., & Mégy, S. (2025) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.5c04980 · Cited by 4
Chen, W., Zhu, D., Chen, M., Liu, J., & Liu, X. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.70039 · Cited by 4
Ultrasound-transparent neural interfaces for multimodal interaction
Panskus, R., Velea, A. I., Holzapfel, L., Pavlou, C., Li, Q. P., Qin, C., Nelissen, F., Waasdorp, R., Maresca, D., Gazzola, V., et al. (2026) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-025-00517-1 · Cited by 3
Delivery strategies of messenger RNA therapeutics for brain disorders
Youn, K., Oh, S., Gil, H.-W., Choi, Y., Keum, G., & Bang, E. (2025) · Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society · doi:10.1002/bkcs.70083 · Cited by 4
Immunoinformatic insights for design and clinical prospects of pan-RAS cancer vaccine
Srivastava, R., & Rana, T. R. K. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1727976 · Cited by 3
“Nevertheless, mRNA is naturally unstable and highly prone to degradation, necessitating the use of stabilizing agents such as lipid nanoparticles, polymers, or peptides to improve its stability and effectiveness (12).”
Roy, A. A., Jain, N., Pokale, R., Madhusoodanan, G., Mukharya, A., Farhana, S. A., Rao, B. S. S., Goda, J. S., & Mutalik, S. (2026) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.126862 · Cited by 4
mRNA medicine for cardiovascular disease
Zhou, Z., Chen, W., Yu, H., Tabas, I. A., Foo, R., & Tao, W. (2026) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-026-00804-8 · Cited by 6
Tactics targeting circular mRNA biosynthesis
Chen, X., Wang, C., & Lu, Y. (2023) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.28410 · Cited by 3
“In recent years, with the development of mRNA technology and the expansion of mRNA application field (Baptista et al., 2021; Hajj & Whitehead, 2017), people have higher requirements for the stability of mRNAs.”
BackgroundKarati, D., Mukherjee, S., Basu, B., Garala, K., Dutta, A., Prajapati, B. G., & Bhattacharya, S. (2024) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/0113892010285554240303160500 · Cited by 3
Cationic cycloamylose based nucleic acid nanocarriers
Prasher, P., Sharma, M., Agarwal, V., Singh, S. K., Gupta, G., Dureja, H., & Dua, K. (2024) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111000 · Cited by 3
Mammalian Cell Membrane Hybrid Polymersomes for mRNA Delivery
Shin, S., Ahn, Y., Kim, M., Choi, J., Kim, H., & Kim, H. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c00843 · Cited by 3
Non-viral mRNA cystic fibrosis therapies and their ongoing clinical trials
Gill, N. A., Fung, V., VanKeulen‐Miller, R., Narasipura, E. A., & Fenton, O. S. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2025.2586172 · Cited by 3
“Since the FDA approval of the LNP-mediated mRNA vaccines for COVID-19, LNPs have gained traction as a non-viral vector for RNA delivery for potential treatment of a multitude of diseases, including CF [132–138].”
A Comparison of Production, Efficacy, and Safety of mRNA and Conventional Vaccines
Cenikli, D. (2022) · International journal of high school research · doi:10.36838/v4i4.5 · Cited by 3
Deconvolution of synthetic mRNA expression: Nucleoside chemistry alters translatability
Moradian, H., Schwestka, M., Roch, T., & Gossen, M. (2023) · Bioengineering & Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/btm2.10622 · Cited by 3
Progress on mRNA vaccines and lipid nanoparticles
Fan, Y., Yin, H., Li, Y., Xi, Y., Tang, X., Weng, Y., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2023-1093 · Cited by 3
“例如 , 用 N 1 - 甲基腺苷 ( N 1 -methyladenosine, m 1 A) 或 N 6 - 甲基腺苷 ( N 6 -methyladenosine, m 6 A) 替代天 然腺苷 [18] ; 用 5-甲基胞苷 (5-methylcytidine, m 5 C) 替代 [23] .”
Nucleic acid delivery as a therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy
Wilson, K., Garima, & Dhanawat, M. (2024) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2024.10.009 · Cited by 3
Formulation Strategies to Enable Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides across Cell Membranes
Doty, A. C., Jarvis, C. M., & Munsell, E. V. (2022) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2022-1417.ch009 · Cited by 3
Amir, M. A., Huang, H., Tang, R., Zhang, Y., Xiao, Y., Yuan, Q., & Xiao, X. (2025) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaf248 · Cited by 2
“…promising non-viral strategy for CHAR and CARA-T cell development, especially for constructs with large or modular payloads. mRNA delivery for CAR therapy can be achieved through electroporation or mRNA delivery carriers, with the latter enhancing mRNA internalization and trafficking [109 , 110 ].”
Design and evaluation of cationic bottlebrush polymers for advanced messenger RNA therapeutics
Filippini, A., Zhang, H., Zadory, M., Rabanel, J., Phan, Q. T., Gibson, V. P., Robert, J., Hardy, P., Boffito, D. C., Brambilla, D., et al. (2025) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2025.10.030 · Cited by 2
Jin, S., Reverdatto, S., Ermolenkov, V. V., Shekhtman, A. G., Jung, Y. M., & Lednev, I. K. (2026) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c04246 · Cited by 2
Feng, Y., Zhao, Y., Han, J., Li, F., Li, G., Wang, B., Chen, Q., & Song, J. (2026) · Nano Research · doi:10.26599/nr.2026.94908571 · Cited by 3
Burghardt, T., Thalmayr, S., Obeser, L., Pöhmerer, J., Yazdi, M., Höhn, M., Völkl, M., Sieber‐Schäfer, F., Zahler, S., Merkel, O. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5c19141 · Cited by 2
Redox-responsive nanoparticles for enhanced mRNA delivery: a comprehensive review
Wang, Z., Chen, B., (24124354), Y. G., Wu, C., Shuai, Q., & Yan, Y. (2026) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d6tb00186f · Cited by 2
CORE: Cholesterol Altered Lipid Nanoparticles for Splenic Expression of mRNA Payloads
Narasipura, E. A., Fung, V., VanKeulen‐Miller, R., Tiwade, P. B., & Fenton, O. S. (2026) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202505862 · Cited by 4
“Given this important challenge, wesoughttounderstandourlead CORE LNPs’endosomalescape properties [72–74].”
Recent advances in LNP-mRNA vaccines
Redenti, B. J., Zhong, Y., Yu, C., & Dong, Y. (2026) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115675 · Cited by 3
Advances in lipids design for LNP-mediated DNA and RNA delivery
Zhi, D., Halemaimaiti, A., Dai, B., Li, H., Wang, H., Zhang, Z., Yu, J., & Zhang, S. (2026) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2026.103897 · Cited by 2
Han, J., Zhou, J., Dwivedy, A., Xue, T., Bhatta, R., Liu, Y., Nguyen, D., Yang, B., Wang, Y., Wang, X., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2504976123 · Cited by 4
Critical chemistry manufacturing and controls considerations for mRNA lipid nanoparticle translation
Liu, L., Wang, Y., Gao, H., Ruan, J., Lu, W., Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, G., & Xiao, Y. (2026) · Discover Nano · doi:10.1186/s11671-026-04864-4 · Cited by 3
“Responsive designs—such as pH-or redox-sensitive lipids [27–30] and organ-targeting (SORT) strategies [31–33]—are expanding the range of applications.”
Syaharani, R., Adhima, F., Amru, S. N., & I’tishom, R. (2021) · International Journal of Research Publications · doi:10.47119/ijrp100921120222750 · Cited by 2
“[ 50,51] LNPs delivery is combining negatively charged nucleic acids with positively charged lipids through electrostatic interactions forming LNPs.”
Xiao, Q., Liu, Y., Zhang, D., Li, C., Yang, Q., Lu, D., Zhang, W., Rosenecker, J., Zou, Q., Li, Y., et al. (2022) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/64288 · Cited by 3
Tsou, H., Chang, C.-C., Maeda, T., & Lin, C. (2022) · RNA technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08415-7_18 · Cited by 2
mRNA therapeutics for central nervous system disorders
Fukushima, Y., & Itaka, K. (2022) · Drug Delivery System · doi:10.2745/dds.37.247 · Cited by 2
Lipoplexes and Polyplexes for Targeted Gene Delivery
Selianitis, D., Kafetzi, M., Pippa, Ν., Pispas, S., & Gazouli, M. (2022) · Nanotechnology in the life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12658-1_3 · Cited by 2
Park, H., Sut, T. N., Ferhan, A. R., Yoon, B. K., Zhdanov, V. P., Cho, N., & Jackman, J. A. (2023) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00777 · Cited by 2
Li, B., & London, E. (2023) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.08.015 · Cited by 2
mRNA vaccine delivery strategies for cancer therapy
Zhang, H., Zhang, H., Xu, B., & Liu, H. (2024) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2024-0670 · Cited by 2
Photochemical internalization of mRNA using a photosensitizer and nucleic acid carriers
Maemoto, H., Suzaki, R., Watanabe, K., Itaka, K., & Ohtsuki, T. (2024) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ejmcr.2024.100242 · Cited by 2
Antitumor mRNA vaccines based on neoantigens
Starostina, E. V., Nizolenko, L. F., Карпенко, Л. И., & Ilyichev, A. A. (2025) · Siberian Journal of Oncology · doi:10.21294/1814-4861-2024-23-6-149-158 · Cited by 2
Matrices Activated with Messenger RNA
Martinez-Campelo, R., & García-Fuentes, M. (2023) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb14010048 · Cited by 2
“Despite being promising techniques, the risk of genomic integration and carcinogenesis, as well as the low transfection efficiency observed in those prototypes, led to the exploration of RNA-activated matrices [14,15].”
BackgroundInfluentialSengupta, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91814-5.00007-6 · Cited by 1
Nanomaterials for Therapeutic Nucleic Acid Delivery
Du, S., Cheng, J. K. J., & Dong, Y. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9776-1_100 · Cited by 1
Progress in mRNA delivery systems based on virus-like particles
Wang, X., Wan, Y., Zhang, X., Xu, C., & Li, F. (2023) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2023-0632 · Cited by 1
Shaputkin, E. D., Nifant'ev, I. E., & Ivchenko, P. V. (2024) · Mendeleev Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mencom.2024.01.009 · Cited by 1
Rodponthukwaji, K., Khowawisetsut, L., Limjunyawong, N., Kunwong, N., Duangchan, K., Sripinitchai, S., Sathornsumetee, S., Nguyen, T. P., Srisawat, C., & Punnakitikashem, P. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.37886 · Cited by 1
Advancements in Cancer Immunotherapy: The Evolution and Future of mRNA and DNA Vaccine Technologies
Choi, K., Lee, D. H., Lee, J. W., & Park, Y. S. (2025) · Journal of Experimental & Biomedical Sciences/Biomedical Science Letters · doi:10.15616/bsl.2025.31.1.1 · Cited by 1
Wang, Z., Huang, D., Wu, L., Cao, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, C., Jiang, J., Chen, G., & Wang, Q. (2025) · ChemistryEurope · doi:10.1002/ceur.202500130 · Cited by 1
Harnessing mRNA vaccines for viral diseases: bottleneck and breakthrough
Mishra, V. K., Ranjan, A., & Mishra, Y. (2025) · Exploration of Immunology · doi:10.37349/ei.2025.1003212 · Cited by 1
Fu, X., Alkhamessi, R. N., Al-Aouadi, R. F. A., Kadham, M. J., Khasanova, S., Shree, M., Jassal, P., Sinha, A., Lakshmaiya, N., & Wu, C. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04516-x · Cited by 1
“The nucleotide will then be automatically wrapped into the liposome by passive loading because of the hydrophobic properties of the uncharged lipids (Hajj and Whitehead 2017).”
Zhang, M., Gao, X., Zhang, H., Liu, W., Lv, H., & Yang, C. (2025) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138287 · Cited by 1
Lv, K., Qi, Y., Zhao, H., Zhang, Y., An, Z., Ma, S., & Song, W. (2025) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d5sc04801j · Cited by 1
Chen, Z., Yang, J., Zheng, B., Yang, Y., Qiu, X., Zhou, H., Wang, R., & Xiong, H. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202523579 · Cited by 2
Kim, M., Kim, K., Lee, J., Lee, S. H., Choi, S., Park, S. A., Jeong, E., Choi, S., Park, H. H., Park, T., et al. (2026) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202511362 · Cited by 2
Garbujo, S., Baioni, C., Banfi, A., Bolis, L., Bonvini, G., Favero, E. D., Gagni, P., Gori, A., Barbieri, L., Giustra, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2026.139972 · Cited by 1
Wang, X., Luo, Q., Cao, B., Bai, H., Jia, Y., Ge, J., Wang, S., Weng, Y., Li, L., Ge, K., et al. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.174966 · Cited by 1
Choi, S. Y., Cho, C. S., Kim, S., Kim, J. Y., Kim, H. K., Kim, K. H., Jo, D. H., & Lee, H. (2026) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124226 · Cited by 1
Lv, H., Liu, W., Zhang, M., Gao, X., Liu, F., & Yang, C. (2026) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115810 · Cited by 1
Artificial intelligence in the rational design of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA therapeutics
Zhao, H., Xu, J., Gao, X., Zhu, J., & He, Z. (2026) · The Innovation Drug Discovery · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-drugdisc.2026.100006 · Cited by 5
Gillman, L., Suleski, D., Graham, M. E., Ginn, S. L., & Hassan, M. M. (2026) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00618 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Hajj, K. A., & Whitehead, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Whitehead, Kathryn A.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Materials
- Published
- 2017-09-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 10
- ISSN
- 2058-8437 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2754401101
- Cited by
- 799
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Materials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (D16AP00143)
- Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- mRNA therapeutics, mRNA delivery, synthetic materials, lipid nanoparticles, mRNA vaccines, cancer immunotherapy, in vitro transcribed mRNA
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
