The DOI matches its Crossref record; 165 of the 166 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tools for translation: non-viral materials for therapeutic mRNA delivery
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In the citing paper
“To maximize translation, the mRNA sequence typically incorporates modified nucleosides, such as pseudouridine, N1-methylpseudouridine or other nucleoside analogues23.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“mRNA has shown therapeutic potential in a range of applications, including viral vaccines, protein replacement therapies, cancer immunotherapies, cellular reprogramming and genome editing2,4,7–17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“These lipids can improve nanoparticle properties, such as particle stability, delivery efficacy, tolerability and biodistribution7,14,17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Trapped in endosomes, in which the pH is lower than in the extracellular environment, ionizable lipids are protonated and, therefore, become positively charged, which may promote membrane destabilization and facilitate endosomal escape of the nanoparticles7,11,14”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“To function in vivo, lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations need to overcome multiple extracellular and intracellular barriers7,11 (Fig. 3a).”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In addition to cationic or ionizable lipids, lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations typically contain other lipid components, such as phospholipids (for example, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine), cholesterol or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized lipids (PEG-lipids)7,14,17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“The pH-sensitivity of ionizable lipids is beneficial for mRNA delivery in vivo, because neutral lipids have less interactions with the anionic membranes of blood cells and, thus, improve the biocompatibility of lipid nanoparticles7,11,14.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“mRNA normally contains five structural elements, that is, a 5′ cap, a 3′ poly(A) tail, a protein-coding sequence and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs)2,4,7,13.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“These elements can be engineered to improve the stability and translational efficiency of mRNA2,4,7,13.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Chemical modifications of specific IVT mRNA nucleotides, such as pseudouridine (ψ) and N1-methylpseudouridine (m1ψ), can reduce innate immune sensing of exogenous mRNA translation2,4,7,182.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Chromatographic purification can remove double-stranded RNA, an analogue of viral genome, in IVT mRNA preparations, diminishing immune activation and increasing translational efficiency2,4,7,183.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“To address these concerns, the engineering of mRNA molecules (Box 1) and the design of lipid nanoparticles have been optimized2,4,7–17, which has contributed to the rapid development and clinical assessment15,17 of the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, mRNA-1273 (NCT04470427)19,20 and BNT162b2 (NCT04368728)21.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Polymers, such as polyethyleneimine, protamine and polyaspartamide derivatives, are already widely used for mRNA delivery7–17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“mRNA functions as the bridge between DNA and proteins in eukaryotic cells.[8, 12, 119]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Polyethylenimine (PEI) is one of the most developed cationic polymers [39], but its toxicity has limited the therapeutic applications.[8, 124]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Compared with protein drugs, mRNA can supplement both cytoplasmic and large transmembranic proteins.[8, 119, 120]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Recently, many biomaterials have been developed for mRNA delivery, including lipids and lipid derived materials, polymers, and many others. [8, 39, 120, 124]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Relative to plasmid DNA (pDNA), mRNA possesses temporary bioactivity and functions outside the nucleus, leading to a more controllable protein expression and avoiding the potential insertion of the genome.[8, 119, 120]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“For many GARDs, the liver is a preferred organ for mRNA-based PRTs because systemically administrated mRNA vehicles are predominantly trapped by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the liver.”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“In addition, the interaction between apolipoprotein E (apoE) and biomaterials such as lipid and lipid derived materials facilitates the accumulation in the liver.[8, 18, 34, 39, 59, 120, 121, 124, 164, 165]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Meanwhile, ionizable lipid and lipid derived materials, which acquire positive charges at low pH and become neutral at physiological pH, have been developed for decreasing the toxicity and immunogenicity while retaining the delivery efficiency.[8]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
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“For instance, the application of modified nucleosides prevents mRNA recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), enhancing the translational efficacy [41].”
BackgroundLipid nanoparticle-based mRNA delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy
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“Additionally, these helper lipids may contribute to the escape of LNPs from the endosomes [8,9].”
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Engineering nanoparticle toolkits for mRNA delivery
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hajj, K. A., & Whitehead, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Whitehead, Kathryn A.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Materials
- Published
- 2017-09-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 10
- ISSN
- 2058-8437 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2754401101
- Cited by
- 799
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Materials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (D16AP00143)
- Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- mRNA therapeutics, mRNA delivery, synthetic materials, lipid nanoparticles, mRNA vaccines, cancer immunotherapy, in vitro transcribed mRNA
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