Larval stages of a living sea lily (stalked crinoid echinoderm)
Abstract
The embryos and larvae of stalked crinoids, which are considered the most basal group of extant echinoderms, have not previously been described. In contrast, much is known about the development of the more accessible stalkless crinoids (feather stars), which are phylogenetically derived from stalked forms. Here we describe the development of a sea lily from fertilization to larval settlement. There are two successive larval stages: the first is a non-feeding auricularia stage with partly longitudinal ciliary bands (similar to the auricularia and bipinnaria larvae of holothurian and asteroid echinoderms, respectively); the second is a doliolaria larva with circumferential ciliary bands (similar to the earliest larval stage of stalkless crinoids). We suggest that a dipleurula-type larva is primitive for echinoderms and is the starting point for the evolution of additional larval forms within the phylum. From a wider evolutionary viewpoint, the demonstration that the most basal kind of echinoderm larva is a dipleurula is consistent with Garstang's auricularia theory for the phylogenetic origin of the chordate neural tube.
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Among echinoderms, only modern sea urchins (euechinoids) generate a precociously specified embryonic micromere lineage that ingresses before gastrulation and then secretes the biomineral embryonic skeleton.
“Of the five echinoderm classes, only the modern sea urchins (euechinoids) generate a precociously specified embryonic micromere lineage that ingresses before gastrulation and then secretes the biomineral embryonic skeleton.”
From Transfer of a large gene regulatory apparatus to a new developmental address in echinoid evolution (2008) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Nakano, H., Hibino, T., Oji, T., Hara, Y., & Amemiya, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Amemiya, Shonan
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 421
- Issue
- 6919
- Pages
- 158-160
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2008494541
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 8
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- FWCI
- 12.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Echinoderm biology and ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Keywords
- sea lily, stalked crinoids, larval development, Auricularia, ciliary bands, echinoderm phylogeny, larval evolution, embryonic development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Echinodermata, Biological Evolution, Female, Fertilization, Larva, Male, Phylogeny
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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