Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 846

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks

Shapiro, Michael D., Marks, Melissa E., Peichel, Catherine L., Blackman, Benjamin K., Nereng, Kirsten S., Jónsson, Bjarni, Schluter, Dolph, Kingsley, David M.·2004·Nature

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nature02415

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 49

  1. Darwin, C. The Origin of Species 450–456 (John Murray, London, 1859)
  2. Struthers, J. On the bones, articulations, and muscles of the rudimentary hind-limb of the Greenland right-whale (Balaena mysticetus). J. Anat. Phys. 15, 141–176, 302–321 (1881)
  3. Bejder, L. & Hall, B. K. Limbs in whales and limblessness in other vertebrates: mechanisms of evolutionary and developmental transformation and loss. Evol. Dev. 4, 445–458 (2002) · DOI
  4. Lande, R. Evolutionary mechanisms of limb loss in tetrapods. Evolution 32, 73–92 (1978) · DOI · Paper page
  5. Cohn, M. J. & Tickle, C. Developmental basis of limblessness and axial patterning in snakes. Nature 399, 474–479 (1999) · DOI
  6. Hoogland, R. D., Morris, D. & Tinbergen, N. The spines of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus and Pygosteus) as means of defense against predators (Perca and Esox). Behaviour 10, 205–230 (1957)
  7. Reimchen, T. E. Structural relationships between spines and lateral plates in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Evolution 37, 931–946 (1983)
  8. Bell, M. A. Reduction and loss of the pelvic girdle in Gasterosteus (Pisces): a case of parallel evolution. Nat. Hist. Mus. LA Contrib. Sci. 257, 1–36 (1974)
  9. Moodie, G. E. E. & Reimchen, T. Phenetic variation and habitat differences in Gasterosteus populations of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Syst. Zool. 25, 49–61 (1976) · DOI
  10. Campbell, R. N. & Williamson, R. B. The fishes of inland waters in the Outer Hebrides. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 77B, 377–393 (1979)
  11. Edge, T. A. & Coad, B. W. Reduction of the pelvic skeleton in the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus in 2 lakes of Quebec Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 97, 334–336 (1983) · DOI
  12. Bell, M. A. Interacting evolutionary constraints in pelvic reduction of threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus (Pisces, Gasterosteidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 31, 347–382 (1987) · DOI
  13. Reimchen, T. E. Spine deficiency and polymorphism in a population of Gasterosteus aculeatus—an adaptation to predators. Can. J. Zool. 58, 1232–1244 (1980) · DOI
  14. Reist, J. D. Predation upon pelvic phenotypes of brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans, by selected invertebrates. Can. J. Zool. 58, 1253–1258 (1980) · DOI
  15. Giles, N. The possible role of environmental calcium levels during the evolution of phenotypic diversity in Outer-Hebridean populations of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. J. Zool. 199, 535–544 (1983) · DOI
  16. Bell, M. A., Orti, G., Walker, J. A. & Koenings, J. P. Evolution of pelvic reduction in threespine stickleback fish—a test of competing hypotheses. Evolution 47, 906–914 (1993) · DOI
  17. Ziuganov, V. V. & Zotin, A. A. Pelvic girdle polymorphism and reproductive barriers in the ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius (L.) from northwest Russia. Behaviour 132, 1095–1105 (1995) · DOI
  18. Bell, M. A., Baumgartner, J. V. & Olson, E. C. Patterns of temporal change in single morphological characters of a Miocene stickleback fish. Paleobiology 11, 258–271 (1985) · DOI
  19. McPhail, J. D. Ecology and evolution of sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteus): evidence for a species pair in Paxton Lake, Texada Island, British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 70, 361–369 (1992) · DOI
  20. Peichel, C. L. et al. The genetic architecture of divergence between threespine stickleback species. Nature 414, 901–905 (2001) · DOI · Paper page
  21. Crow, J. F. & Kimura, M. An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory 182–183 (Burgess, Minneapolis, 1970)
  22. Gibson-Brown, J. J. et al. Evidence of a role for T-box genes in the evolution of limb morphogenesis and the specification of forelimb/hindlimb identity. Mech. Dev. 56, 93–101 (1996) · DOI · Paper page
  23. Logan, M., Simon, H. G. & Tabin, C. Differential regulation of T-box and homeobox transcription factors suggests roles in controlling chick limb-type identity. Development 125, 2825–2835 (1998) · DOI
  24. Lanctôt, C., Moreau, A., Chamberland, M., Tremblay, M. L. & Drouin, J. Hindlimb patterning and mandible development require the Ptx1 gene. Development 126, 1805–1810 (1999) · DOI · Paper page
  25. Szeto, D. P. et al. Role of the Bicoid-related homeodomain factor Pitx1 in specifying hindlimb morphogenesis and pituitary development. Genes Dev. 13, 484–494 (1999) · DOI · Paper page
  26. Marcil, A., Dumontier, E., Chamberland, M., Camper, S. A. & Drouin, J. Pitx1 and Pitx2 are required for development of hindlimb buds. Development 130, 45–55 (2003) · DOI
  27. Shang, J., Luo, Y. & Clayton, D. A. Backfoot is a novel homeobox gene expressed in the mesenchyme of developing hind limb. Dev. Dyn. 209, 242–253 (1997) · DOI
  28. Campione, M. et al. The homeobox gene Pitx2: mediator of asymmetric left-right signaling in vertebrate heart and gut looping. Development 126, 1225–1234 (1999) · DOI · Paper page
  29. Naiche, L. A. & Papaioannou, V. E. Loss of Tbx4 blocks hindlimb development and affects vascularization and fusion of the allantois. Development 130, 2681–2693 (2003) · DOI
  30. Bruneau, B. G. et al. A murine model of Holt-Oram syndrome defines roles of the T-box transcription factor Tbx5 in cardiogenesis and disease. Cell 106, 709–721 (2001) · DOI
  31. Garrity, D. M., Childs, S. & Fishman, M. C. The heartstrings mutation in zebrafish causes heart/fin Tbx5 deficiency syndrome. Development 129, 4635–4645 (2002) · DOI · Paper page
  32. Carroll, S. B. Endless forms: the evolution of gene regulation and morphological diversity. Cell 101, 577–580 (2000) · DOI · Paper page
  33. Stern, D. L. Evolutionary developmental biology and the problem of variation. Evolution 54, 1079–1091 (2000) · DOI · Paper page
  34. Tautz, D. Evolution of transcriptional regulation. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10, 575–579 (2000) · DOI
  35. Stern, D. L. A role of Ultrabithorax in morphological differences between Drosophila species. Nature 396, 463–466 (1998) · DOI
  36. Sucena, E. & Stern, D. L. Divergence of larval morphology between Drosophila sechellia and its sibling species caused by cis-regulatory evolution of ovo/shaven-baby. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4530–4534 (2000) · DOI
  37. Kopp, A., Duncan, I., Godt, D. & Carroll, S. B. Genetic control and evolution of sexually dimorphic characters in Drosophila. Nature 408, 553–559 (2000) · DOI · Paper page
  38. Beldade, P., Brakefield, P. M. & Long, A. D. Contribution of Distal-less to quantitative variation in butterfly eyespots. Nature 415, 315–318 (2002) · DOI
  39. van Laere, A. S. et al. A regulatory mutation in IGF2 causes a major QTL effect on muscle growth in the pig. Nature 425, 832–836 (2003) · DOI
  40. Schwartz, S. et al. Human-mouse alignments with BLASTZ. Genome Res. 13, 103–107 (2003) · DOI · Paper page
  41. Cole, N. J., Tanaka, M., Prescott, A. & Tickle, C. Expression of limb initiation genes and clues to the morphological diversification of threespine stickleback. Curr. Biol. 13, R951–R952 (2003) · DOI · Paper page
  42. Bell, M. A., Francis, R. C. & Havens, A. C. Pelvic reduction and its directional asymmetry in threespine sticklebacks from the Cook Inlet region, Alaska. Copeia 1985, 437–444 (1985) · DOI
  43. Nelson, J. S. Evidence of a genetic basis for absence of pelvic skeleton in brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans, and notes on geographical distribution and origin of loss. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34, 1314–1320 (1977) · DOI
  44. Nelson, J. S. Absence of pelvic complex in ninespine sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius, collected in Ireland and Wood Buffalo National Park region, Canada, with notes on meristic variation. Copeia 1971, 707–717 (1971) · DOI
  45. van Ooijen, J. W. & Maliepard, C. MapQTL Version 3.0: Software for the Calculation of QTL Positions and Genetic Maps (Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproductive Research, Wageningen, 1996)
  46. Ross, M. T., LaBrie, S., McPherson, J. & Stanton, V. P. in Current Protocols in Human Genetics (ed. Dracopoli, N.) (Wiley, New York, 1999)
  47. Wilkinson, D. G. in Essential Developmental Biology: A Practical Approach (eds Stern, C. D. & Holland, P. W. H.) 257–274 (IRL Press, Oxford, 1993) · DOI
  48. Swarup, H. Stages in the development of the stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.). J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 6, 373–383 (1958)
  49. Van Ooijen, J. W. LOD significance thresholds for QTL analysis in experimental populations of diploid species. Heredity 83, 613–624 (1999) · DOI

Cited by

See all 846

Metadata

Authors
Shapiro, M. D., Marks, M. E., Peichel, C. L., Blackman, B. K., Nereng, K. S., Jónsson, B., Schluter, D., & Kingsley, D. M.
Venue
Nature
Published
2004-04-15
Volume
428
Issue
6984
Pages
717-723
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
OpenAlex
W2066908868
Cited by
846
References
1
FWCI
18.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/nature02415
The paper
Shapiro, M. D., Marks, M. E., Peichel, C. L., Blackman, B. K., Nereng, K. S., Jónsson, B., Schluter, D., & Kingsley, D. M. (2004). Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02415

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.