Role of Pitx1 upstream of Tbx4 in specification of hindlimb identity
Abstract
In spite of recent breakthroughs in understanding limb patterning, the genetic factors determining the differences between the forelimb and the hindlimb have not been understood. The genes Pitx1 and Tbx4 encode transcription factors that are expressed throughout the developing hindlimb but not forelimb buds. Misexpression of Pitx1 in the chick wing bud induced distal expression of Tbx4, as well as HoxC10 and HoxC11, which are normally restricted to hindlimb expression domains. Wing buds in which Pitx1 was misexpressed developed into limbs with some morphological characteristics of hindlimbs: the flexure was altered to that normally observed in legs, the digits were more toe-like in their relative size and shape, and the muscle pattern was transformed to that of a leg.
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In amniotes, pitx1 operates in the patterning system for hind limb appendage subparts, and forced expression in forelimb buds transforms them into hindlimbs.
“In amniotes pitx1 operates in the patterning system that organizes the subparts of the appendages developing from the hind limb buds, and forced expression in forelimb buds transforms them into hindlimbs (Logan and Tabin, 1999; Szeto et al., 1999).”
From Evolution of Gene Regulatory Networks Controlling Body Plan Development (2011) · cites this paper as Logan and Tabin, 1999
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- Authors
- Logan, M., & Tabin, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tabin, Clifford J.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1999-03-12
- Volume
- 283
- Issue
- 5408
- Pages
- 1736-1739
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2042190289
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Congenital limb and hand anomalies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Congenital heart defects research
- Keywords
- PITX1, TBX4, limb patterning, chick wing bud, HOXC10, HOXC11, transcription factors, digit morphology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chick Embryo, Ectoderm, Feathers, Foot, Genetic Vectors, Hindlimb, Mesoderm, Retroviridae, Transcription Factors, Wings, Animal, Cell Death, Homeodomain Proteins, Muscle, Skeletal, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Limb Buds, Body Patterning, T-Box Domain Proteins, Avian Proteins, Paired Box Transcription Factors
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