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De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state
Open accessAbstract
Superposition is one of the most distinctive features of quantum theory and has been demonstrated in numerous single-particle interference experiments. Quantum entanglement, the coherent superposition of states in multi-particle systems, yields more complex phenomena. One important type of multi-particle experiment uses path-entangled number states, which exhibit pure higher-order interference and the potential for applications in metrology and imaging; these include quantum interferometry and spectroscopy with phase sensitivity at the Heisenberg limit, or quantum lithography beyond the classical diffraction limit. It has been generally understood that in optical implementations of such schemes, lower-order interference effects always decrease the overall performance at higher particle numbers. Such experiments have therefore been limited to two photons. Here we overcome this limitation, demonstrating a four-photon interferometer based on linear optics. We observe interference fringes with a periodicity of one-quarter of the single-photon wavelength, confirming the presence of a four-particle mode-entangled state. We anticipate that this scheme should be extendable to arbitrary photon numbers, holding promise for realizable applications with entanglement-enhanced performance.
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“It was experimentally realized for N = 3 (Mitchell, Lundeen, and Steinberg, 2004) and N = 4 (Walther et al., 2004) (see also other related experiments, Rarity et al., 1990b;Edamatsu et al., 2002;Sun et al., 2006;Nagata et al., 2007).”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as Walther et al., 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“However, the experimental preparation of NOON states with large N is extremely challenging, and to date only N=3, 4 and 5 photonic NOON states have been reported2345.”
From Photonic polarization gears for ultra-sensitive angular measurements (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Lee, H., Kok, P. & Dowling, J. P. in Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing (eds Shapiro, J. H. & Hirota, O.) 223–229 (Rinton Press, Princeton, 2002)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Walther, P., Pan, J.-W., Aspelmeyer, M., Ursin, R., Gasparoni, S., & Zeilinger, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Zeilinger, Anton
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 429
- Issue
- 6988
- Pages
- 158-161
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2092899947
- Semantic Scholar
- ea80019dc85701445960d76c6893f2b6a403c5dd
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 28.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Keywords
- higher-order interference, mode entanglement, quantum metrology, quantum lithography, Heisenberg limit
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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