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Cited by 351Quantum Information and CryptographyOrbital Angular Momentum in OpticsQuantum Mechanics and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 24 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Photonic polarization gears for ultra-sensitive angular measurements

Open access
D'Ambrosio, Vincenzo, Spagnolo, Nicolò, Del Re, Lorenzo, Slussarenko, Sergei, Li, Ying, Kwek, Leong Chuan, Marrucci, Lorenzo, Walborn, Stephen P., Aolita, Leandro, Sciarrino, Fabio·2013·Nature Communications
DOI 10.1038/ncomms3432PMC PMC3791460
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Abstract

Quantum metrology bears a great promise in enhancing measurement precision, but is unlikely to become practical in the near future. Its concepts can nevertheless inspire classical or hybrid methods of immediate value. Here we demonstrate NOON-like photonic states of m quanta of angular momentum up to m=100, in a setup that acts as a ‘photonic gear’, converting, for each photon, a mechanical rotation of an angle θ into an amplified rotation of the optical polarization by mθ, corresponding to a ‘super-resolving’ Malus’ law. We show that this effect leads to single-photon angular measurements with the same precision of polarization-only quantum strategies with m photons, but robust to photon losses. Moreover, we combine the gear effect with the quantum enhancement due to entanglement, thus exploiting the advantages of both approaches. The high ‘gear ratio’ m boosts the current state of the art of optical non-contact angular measurements by almost two orders of magnitude. Beating the standard measurement limits is a goal of metrology, as it would allow for more precise estimation of physical quantities. Borrowing concepts from NOON-state quantum metrology, this work presents a single-photon scheme to measure rotation angles of light with super-resolution precision.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper demonstrates a photonic gear using q-plates that converts a mechanical rotation θ into an amplified polarization rotation mθ, enabling super-resolving Malus-law angular measurements with SAM–OAM states up to m≈100. It reports single-photon precision matching polarization-only quantum strategies with m photons while being loss-robust, and combines the gear with two-photon entanglement for hybrid enhancement.

Key findings

  • A q-plate generates SAM–OAM superpositions with m=2q±1 quanta of total angular momentum; q-plates with q up to 50 produced m as large as 101 (abstract states up to m=100), so a relative rotation θ becomes a polarization rotation mθ.
  • In the single-photon regime, the maximum enhancement over the polarization-only strategy was ≈55; matching this precision would require 55²=3,025 more trials or polarization-only NOON states with N≈55 photons. The precision was attained for total photon numbers νN≈10² to 10⁴, and total losses with transmissivity η simply rescale the photon number to νNη, unlike NOON states where one lost photon destroys phase information.
  • Two-photon entangled states with total angular momentum up to m₁+m₂=18 showed HH correlations with hybrid enhancement factor mN=mA+mB=2qA+2qB+2; a quantum enhancement factor of 2 was superimposed on the classical photonic gear effect.
  • The gear effect also appeared with intense classical laser light; combining it with existing polarization-based roll-angle methods is predicted to improve sensitivity to 10⁻⁶ degrees (≈0.01 arcsec), from typical values of about 10⁻² degrees for 30–360° dynamic range or 10⁻⁴ degrees for ~1° range.

Methods

  • q-plates were fabricated from nematic liquid crystals using photoalignment, with optical-axis orientation θ=qφ+α; q-plates map circular polarization to OAM changes of ±2q, and a half-wave plate yields m=2q±1 states.
  • Single photons came from a Ti:sapphire mode-locked laser (120 fs pulses, 76 MHz, 795 nm), frequency-doubled to 397.5 nm at 700 mW, then type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a 1.5 mm beta-barium-borate crystal, followed by filtering and single-mode fiber coupling.
  • Experiments tested classical intense laser light, single-photon states, and two-photon entangled states; measurements used polarization fringes/super-resolving Malus law and HH correlations, with statistical errors compared to shot-noise and Heisenberg limits.

Limitations

  • Stated: experimental imperfections reduce fringe visibility; all curves showed visibility greater than 0.73, and loss of visibility increases the statistical error. The hybrid entangled strategy bears the same loss-sensitivity problems as polarization-only quantum strategies for large N, though these can be dealt with for small N.
  • Stated/evident: the entangled demonstration is a proof-of-principle with N=2 and total angular momentum up to 18, not large N. High-q q-plate fabrication required finer rotation steps (up to 0.1° for q≥25) and careful control of the central defect, and the observed maximum enhancement ≈55 is below the full gear ratio m because of visibility and detection efficiency.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/ncomms3432

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

3 of 24 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    Ultra-sensitive two-photon entangled probes tailored for different target estimations were demonstrated.

    “In addition, we demonstrated ultra-sensitive two-photon entangled probes tailored for different target estimations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    A three-step adaptive protocol permits efficient and unambiguous estimation of θ even when it is a completely unknown rotation in the full [0, 2π] interval.

    “Furthermore, in Supplementary Fig. S2 and Supplementary Note 2, we discuss a three-step adaptive protocol which permits efficient and unambiguous estimation of such θ even when it is a completely unknown rotation in the full [0, 2π] interval.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    NOON-like photonic states of m quanta of angular momentum up to m=100 were demonstrated in a setup that acts as a photonic gear.

    “Here we demonstrate NOON-like photonic states of m quanta of angular momentum up to m=100, in a setup that acts as a ‘photonic gear’, converting, for each photon, a mechanical rotation of an angle θ into an amplified rotation of the optical polarization by mθ, corresponding to a ‘super-resolving’ Malus’ law.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    This precision was attained already for total photon numbers as small as νN ≈102 to 104.

    “Notably, rather than in an asymptotic limit, this precision was attained already for total photon numbers as small as νN ≈102 to 104.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Two-photon entangled states were demonstrated where each photon has a different total angular momentum, m1 and m2, with a maximum of m1+m2=18.

    “We demonstrate two-photon entangled states where each photon has a different total angular momentum, m1 and m2, with a maximum of m1+m2=18.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 23
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 8

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The q-plate efficiently maps pure polarization states into hybrid SAM-OAM states and vice versa.

    “The key element for our photon state manipulations is the q-plate, a novel liquid crystal (LC) device that efficiently maps pure polarization states into hybrid SAM–OAM states and vice versa242526”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [24] Marrucci, L., Manzo, C. & Paparo, D. Optical spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion in inhomogeneous anisotropic media. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 163905 (2006). source

      The q-plate analysis (p. 3) shows that circular input polarization produces an output with changed polarization and orbital angular momentum, and the experiment (p. 5) verifies the helical output. The copy does not demonstrate the reverse mapping from hybrid SAM–OAM states to pure polarization states. It also notes residual unchanged polarization in the experimental output, so it does not establish efficient conversion without the specified half-wave-retardation condition. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [25] Nagali, E. et al. Quantum information transfer from spin to orbital angular momentum of photons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 013601 (2009). source
    • cites [26] Marrucci, L. et al. Spin-to-orbital conversion of the angular momentum of light and its classical and quantum applications. J. Opt. 13, 064001 (2011). source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Figure 2 shows polarization fringes for several values of q, corresponding to the super-resolving Malus' law.

    “Figure 2 shows the polarization fringes obtained for several values of q, corresponding to the ‘super-resolving’ Malus’ law (5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Enhancement in oscillation frequency in both the θA and θB directions with respect to the polarization-only case was observed and matches theoretical predictions.

    “The enhancement in oscillation frequency in both the θA and the θB directions with respect to the polarization-only case is clearly observed and matches our theoretical predictions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    When the photonic gears are inserted between polarizers, a super-resolving Malus' law is observed, appearing in both classical light and single-photon regimes.

    “When inserting the photonic gears between polarizers, we observe a ‘super-resolving’ Malus’ law, reminiscent of the polarization correlations visible with multi-photon quantum states23, but which appears in both the classical light or single photon regimes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Leach, J. et al. Violation of a Bell inequality in two-dimensional orbital angular momentum state-spaces. Opt. Express. 17, 8287–8293 (2009). source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    Bob's measured probability of detecting H linear polarization conditioned on θ is again given by Malus' law but shows m-fold resolution enhancement over the polarization-only strategy.

    “Finally, Bob measures the probability of detecting the H linear polarization conditioned on θ as in the classical strategy. This is again given by Malus’ law: but shows now the m-fold resolution enhancement over the polarization-only strategy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The initial phase of the oscillation can be tuned by choosing the appropriate input polarization state, allowing optimization of sensitivity for any angle θ.

    “In Supplementary Fig. S2, we also show that the initial phase of the oscillation can be tuned by choosing the appropriate input polarization state, and that this allows one in turn to optimize the sensitivity for any angle θ.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Hybrid quantum-classical sensitivity enhancement by the factor mN=mA+mB=2qA+2qB+2 was observed, confirming predictions.

    “The hybrid quantum-classical sensitivity enhancement by the factor mN=mA+mB=2qA+2qB+2 is clearly observed, confirming again our predictions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    A proof-of-principle demonstration was performed with N=2 and total angular momentum up to 18.

    “We perform a proof-of-principle demonstration with N=2 and total angular momentum up to 18.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    A new family of devices with q ranging up to 50 was introduced, producing angular momentum values as large as m=101.

    “Here, we introduce a new family of devices with q ranging up to 50, producing angular momentum values as large as m=101.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    A quantum state metrologically equivalent to a NOON state was produced, leading to a hybrid quantum-classical enhancement of angular sensitivity.

    “In particular, we produce a quantum state that is metrologically equivalent to a NOON state, leading to a hybrid quantum-classical enhancement of the angular sensitivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    For small N, these loss-sensitivity problems can be efficiently dealt with and interesting applications can be achieved.

    “However, for small N, these problems can still be efficiently dealt with and interesting applications can be achieved, as we demonstrate below.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The dynamical range is reduced by a similar factor, but the full dynamical range can be recovered by the adaptive protocol.

    “The dynamical range is also reduced by a similar factor, but the full dynamical range can be recovered by the adaptive protocol discussed in Supplementary Note 2.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    In photonic approaches, the optimal measurement strategy typically relies on NOON states, in which all N photons propagate in one arm or the other of an interferometer.

    “In photonic approaches, the optimal measurement strategy typically relies on the preparation of ‘NOON’ states10, in which all N photons propagate in one arm or the other of an interferometer.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Lee, H., Kok, P. & Dowling, J. P. A quantum Rosetta stone for interferometry. J. Mod. Opt. 49, 2325–2338 (2002). source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    For N=2 photons, θ can be estimated from HH-correlation measurements with half the efficiency as from two-photon interference; full efficiency can be recovered by registering the four two-photon polarization correlations (HH,HV,VH,VV).

    “In particular, for N=2 photons, θ can be estimated from the HH-correlation measurements with just half the efficiency as from , which would require two-photon interference detection. Full efficiency in the estimation process can be recovered by simply registering and considering the four possible two-photon polarization correlations (HH,HV,VH,VV), which requires no extra measurements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These values provide substantial progress over the current state of the art.

    “These values provide substantial progress over the current state of the art.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The demonstrated capability to efficiently generate and detect hybrid polarization−OAM quantum states with very large OAM creates interesting prospects for high-rate classical communication, coupling with atomic systems, quantum information processing and fundamental tests of quantum mechanics.

    “In addition to metrological applications, the capability we have demonstrated to efficiently generate and detect hybrid polarization−OAM quantum states with very large OAM creates interesting prospects for high-rate classical communication33, coupling with atomic systems34, quantum information processing35 and fundamental tests of quantum mechanics3637.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [33] Wang, J. et al. Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing. Nat. Photon 6, 488–496 (2012). source
    • cites [34] Andersen, M. F. et al. Quantized rotation of atoms from photons with orbital angular momentum. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 170406 (2006). source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites [35] Dada, A. C., Leach, J., Buller, G. S., Padgett, M. J. & Andersson, E. Experimental high-dimensional two-photon entanglement and violations of generalized Bell inequalities. Nat. Phys. 7, 677–680 (2011). source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Previous achievements were limited to q-plates with low q (up to 3).

    “Previous achievements were limited to q-plates with low q (up to 3)27.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Slussarenko, S. et al. Tunable liquid crystal q-plates with arbitrary topological charge. Opt. Express. 19, 4085–4090 (2011). source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Using certain N-particle entangled states, precision can scale as N (Heisenberg limit), the ultimate bound set by quantum mechanics.

    “Remarkably, using certain N-particle entangled states it could be possible to attain a precision that scales as N. This is known as the Heisenberg limit, and is the ultimate bound set by the laws of quantum mechanics1.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Giovannetti, V., Lloyd, S. & Maccone, L. Advances in quantum metrology. Nat. Photon. 5, 222–229 (2011). source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Experimental preparation of NOON states with large N is extremely challenging; only N=3, 4 and 5 photonic NOON states have been reported.

    “However, the experimental preparation of NOON states with large N is extremely challenging, and to date only N=3, 4 and 5 photonic NOON states have been reported2345.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [2] Mitchell, M. W., Lundeen, J. S. & Steinberg, A. M. Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state. Nature 429, 161–164 (2004). source
    • cites [3] Walther, P., Pan, J.-W., Aspelmeyer, M., Ursin, R., Gasparoni, S. & Zeilinger, A. De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state. Nature 429, 158–161 (2004). source
    • cites [4] Nagata, T., Okamoto, R., O‘Brien, J. L., Sasaki, K. & Takeuchi, S. Beating the standard quantum limit with four-entangled photons. Science 316, 726–729 (2007). source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    To obtain the same precision with the polarization-only classical strategy, one would need to increase trials by a factor of 3025; with the polarization-only quantum NOON-state strategy, one would require entangled states of N≈55 photons each.

    “To obtain the same precision Δθ with the polarization-only classical strategy, one would have to increase the number of trials by a factor of 552=3,025, whereas for the polarization-only quantum NOON-state strategy, one would require entangled states of N ≈55 photons each.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the single-photon regime every photon is disentangled from all others, so loss of a photon does not affect overall phase coherence, making the scheme loss-robust.

    “Notably, in this regime every photon is disentangled from all others and hence the loss of a photon does not affect the overall phase coherence, making the scheme loss-robust.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Polarization-based methods typically lead to a sensitivity of about 10−2 degrees for a dynamical range of 30-360°, or about 10−4 degrees when restricting the range to ~1°.

    “Depending on the details of the scheme, this typically leads to a sensitivity of about 10−2 degrees for a dynamical range of 30–360°, or about 10−4 degrees when restricting the range to ~1°.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The hybrid classical-quantum strategy features Heisenberg precision scaling for hybrid SAM-OAM approaches ideally, but bears the same loss-sensitivity problems as the polarization-only quantum strategy.

    “Thus, ideally, this strategy features the Heisenberg precision scaling for hybrid SAM–OAM approaches, but it bears in practice the same loss-sensitivity problems as the polarization-only quantum strategy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Immediate application of the photonic-gear concept in a classical regime can improve current polarization-based methods for measuring roll angles to a sensitivity of less than 0.01 arcsec.

    “We anticipate that immediate application of the photonic-gear concept in a classical regime can improve current polarization-based methods for measuring roll angles to a sensitivity of less than 0.01 arcsec.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because the state does not bear multi-photon coherences, losses reduce the total number of photons but leave the remaining ones unaltered; total losses enter as a constant multiplicative factor, rescaling the total number of photons to νNη, in contrast to NOON states.

    “Second, as state (3) does not bear any multi-photon coherences, losses reduce the total number of photons, but leave the remaining ones unaltered. That is, total losses characterized by an overall transmissivity 0≤ η ≤1 enter as a constant multiplicative factor, simply rescaling in equation (6) the total number of photons to νNη (see Supplementary Note 1), in striking contrast to NOON states11.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Dorner, U. et al. Optimal quantum phase estimation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 040403 (2009). source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    All polarization-based methods can be combined with the photonic gear tool without changes; their sensitivity is predicted to be improved approximately by the factor m × Vm, which can be made larger than 50.

    “All these polarization-based methods, irrespective of the details, can be combined with our photonic gear tool without changes. Their sensitivity is therefore predicted to be improved approximately by the factor m × Vm, which we have shown can be made larger than 50.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Choosing qA=qB, these correlations can be used to precisely estimate the relative misalignment θA-θB and remotely align the two distant frames.

    “Choosing qA=qB, one can, for example, use these correlations (in combination with classical communication channels) to precisely estimate the relative misalignment θA–θB and remotely align the two distant frames.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The photonic gear statistical error is bounded and can saturate the bound in the asymptotic limit of large νN, representing an improvement over the standard limit for polarization-only strategies by a factor of m.

    “Their statistical error is now bounded as follows: and can always saturate the bound in the asymptotic limit of large νN, as shown in Supplementary Note 1. This represents an improvement over the standard limit (1) for polarization-only strategies by a factor of m.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The photonic gear effect leads to single-photon angular measurements with the same precision as polarization-only quantum strategies with m photons, but robust to photon losses.

    “We show that this effect leads to single-photon angular measurements with the same precision of polarization-only quantum strategies with m photons, but robust to photon losses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The same result can be generalized to N-photon entangled states.

    “The same result can be generalized to N-photon entangled states.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
30 of 30

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The photons are generated in the maximally entangled polarization Bell state.

    “let us assume that the photons are generated in the maximally entangled polarization Bell state”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The QP raises or lowers the OAM of the incoming photon according to its SAM state, while leaving the photon in the same optical beam, with no deflections or diffractions.

    “In particular, the QP raises or lowers the OAM of the incoming photon according to its SAM state, while leaving the photon in the same optical beam, that is, with no deflections or diffractions.”

    From Quantum walks and wavepacket dynamics on a lattice with twisted photons (2015) · cites this paper as [33]

    The Methods section (Q-plate fabrication; page not provided) states that a q-plate changes OAM by +2q or −2q depending on the incoming circular polarization, supporting the SAM-dependent OAM change. The cited passages do not establish that the photon remains in the same optical beam with no deflections or diffractions. The Abstract discusses avoiding diffraction losses from angular masks used for OAM readout, which is a narrower point. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting maximum angular momentum values

    Minor

    The abstract says the demonstrated states reach up to m=100, while the Results section says the devices produce states as large as m=101.

1 of 1

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Metadata

Authors
D'Ambrosio, V., Spagnolo, N., Del Re, L., Slussarenko, S., Li, Y., Kwek, L. C., Marrucci, L., Walborn, S. P., Aolita, L., & Sciarrino, F.
Affiliations
  • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
  • University of Naples Federico II (IT)
  • Centre for Quantum Technologies (SG)
  • Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
  • Institute of Photonic Sciences (ES)
  • National Institute of Optics (IT)
Corresponding author
Sciarrino, Fabio
ORCID
Venue
Nature Communications
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-09-18
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
2432-2432
ISSN
2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/ncomms3432
PMC
PMC3791460
OpenAlex
W2104690772
Cited by
351
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 2
FWCI
11.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
  • Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
  • Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver
Funders
  • European Commission (255914, 299141)
  • National Research Foundation
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
  • Sapienza Università di Roma
  • Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Keywords
angular momentum of light, NOON states, super-resolution, Malus's law, quantum metrology, entanglement, photon loss robustness

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