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The architecture of human kin detection
Open accessAbstract
Evolved mechanisms for assessing genetic relatedness have been found in many species, but their existence in humans has been a matter of controversy. Here we report three converging lines of evidence, drawn from siblings, that support the hypothesis that kin detection mechanisms exist in humans. These operate by computing, for each familiar individual, a unitary regulatory variable (the kinship index) that corresponds to a pairwise estimate of genetic relatedness between self and other. The cues that the system uses were identified by quantitatively matching individual exposure to potential cues of relatedness to variation in three outputs relevant to the system's evolved functions: sibling altruism, aversion to personally engaging in sibling incest, and moral opposition to third party sibling incest. As predicted, the kin detection system uses two distinct, ancestrally valid cues to compute relatedness: the familiar other's perinatal association with the individual's biological mother, and duration of sibling coresidence.
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“Because pathogen undetectability and lethal allele homozygosity clearly threaten genetic extinction, incestuous sexual intercourse elicits core disgust (Lieberman et al. 2007).”
From Disgusting Bodies, Disgusting Religion: The Biology of Tantra (2011) · cites this paper as Lieberman et al. 2007
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“Lieberman et al. (2007) found that for older siblings who observed their mother caring for their opposite-sex sibling as an infant, coresidence duration did not predict sexual aversions toward that sibling during adulthood.”
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Hruschka, D. J., & Silk, J. B. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0427 · Cited by 16
“…what specific inputs should contribute to these encodings, what “bookkeeping” styles transform these inputs into encodings, and how these encodings interact with other information to guide decisions (Delton & Robertson, 2016; Hruschka et al ., 2015; Lieberman, Tooby, & Cosmides, 2007; Silk, 2003).”
The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Consensus and Controversy
McCrae, R. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.013 · Cited by 20
Biophilia in pieces: Critical approach of a general concept
Lencastre, M. P. A., Vidal, D. G., Lopes, H. S., & Curado, M. J. (2023) · Environment and Social Psychology · doi:10.54517/esp.v8i3.1869 · Cited by 20
“The avoidance of incest implies exposure to the family figures during a sensitive period [31,32] , in the same way that, in a more open context to future learning, sexual preferences seem to be connoted at that time [33] .”
BackgroundDisgust as a basic, sexual, and moral emotion
Söylemez, S., & Kapucu, A. (2024) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-024-01180-6 · Cited by 14
“Disgust toward incest has been shown through self-report, facial expression, and neural activity measures (Lieberman et al. 2007; Schaich Borg et al. 2008).”
Lineage, Sex, and Wealth as Moderators of Kin Investment
Webster, G. D., Bryan, A. D., Crawford, C. B., McCarthy, L., & Cohen, B. H. (2008) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-008-9038-0 · Cited by 15
“For example, Lieberman et al. (2003, 2007) have shown that children who grow up with siblings are more likely to possess strict moral sentiments about incest, whereas children who grow up without siblings possess comparatively more lax attitudes about incest.”
BackgroundLynch, R., Lummaa, V., & Loehr, J. (2019) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.06.001 · Cited by 20
“If ancestral human groups were composed primarily of closely related individuals,(9) then a shared culture, background or belief system may have served as a reliable phenotypic marker of kinship by signaling genetic relatedness(11, 12).”
BackgroundEvolution and close relationships.
Griskevicius, V., Haselton, M. G., & Ackerman, J. M. (2014) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14344-001 · Cited by 14
Identity Signaling and Patterns of Cooperative Behavior
Sheehan, M. J., Miller, C. H., & Reeve, H. K. (2017) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icx054 · Cited by 14
The DCIDE framework: systematic investigation of evolutionary hypotheses, exemplified with autism
Hunt, A., & Jaeggi, A. V. (2025) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.70010 · Cited by 15
A survey on kinship verification
Wang, W., You, S., Karaoğlu, S., & Gevers, T. (2022) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2022.12.031 · Cited by 15
“…may indicate similarity, familiarity, or closeness between entities on the basis of some or all of the basic traits or features ... biology, kinship typically refers to the degree of genetic relatedness or coefficient of relationship between individual members of the same species [ 44,17,45 ] ... .”
Current issues in sibling detection
Lieberman, D., & Billingsley, J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.07.014 · Cited by 14
Self-citationPassion and Compassion: Psychology of Kin Relations Within and Beyond the Family
Park, J. H., & Ackerman, J. M. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396690.013.0019 · Cited by 14
“Lieberman et al. (2007) found that for such older siblings, aversion to incest is elevated regardless of coresidence duration; for younger siblings, who cannot observe their older siblings perinatally, coresidence duration is the best available cue and does reliably predict aversion to incest (see…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Lieberman, D., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lieberman, Debra
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 445
- Issue
- 7129
- Pages
- 727-731
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC3581061
- OpenAlex
- W2167697644
- Cited by
- 748
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 36.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD000516)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- genetic relatedness, inbreeding avoidance, human evolution, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Altruism, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Cues, Data Collection, Humans, Incest, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Mothers, Sexual Behavior, Sibling Relations, Time Factors, Artifacts, Living Donors, Siblings, Heredity
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