Observation of the spin Seebeck effect
Abstract
The generation of electric voltage by placing a conductor in a temperature gradient is called the Seebeck effect. Its efficiency is represented by the Seebeck coefficient, S, which is defined as the ratio of the generated electric voltage to the temperature difference, and is determined by the scattering rate and the density of the conduction electrons. The effect can be exploited, for example, in thermal electric-power generators and for temperature sensing, by connecting two conductors with different Seebeck coefficients, a device called a thermocouple. Here we report the observation of the thermal generation of driving power, or voltage, for electron spin: the spin Seebeck effect. Using a recently developed spin-detection technique that involves the spin Hall effect, we measure the spin voltage generated from a temperature gradient in a metallic magnet. This thermally induced spin voltage persists even at distances far from the sample ends, and spins can be extracted from every position on the magnet simply by attaching a metal. The spin Seebeck effect observed here is directly applicable to the production of spin-voltage generators, which are crucial for driving spintronic devices. The spin Seebeck effect allows us to pass a pure spin current, a flow of electron spins without electric currents, over a long distance. These innovative capabilities will invigorate spintronics research.
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The thermal gradient from laser-induced heating of the FM film can lead to different charge flow for majority and minority carriers due to their different Seebeck coefficients and a net spin current, which drives spin polarization into the NM film.
“the thermal gradient from the laser-induced heating of the FM film can lead to different charge flow for the majority and minority carriers due to their different Seebeck coefficients and a net spin current123, , which drives the transport of spin polarization into the NM film.”
From Ultrafast terahertz emission from emerging symmetry-broken materials (2023) · cites this paper as [123]
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- Authors
- Uchida, K., Takahashi, S., Harii, K., Ieda, J., Koshibae, W., Ando, K., Maekawa, S., & Saitoh, E.
- Affiliations
- Keio University (JP)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- RIKEN (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Saitoh, E.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 455
- Issue
- 7214
- Pages
- 778-781
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1969565830
- Cited by
- 2,243
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 160 · 2018: 173 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 136 · 2015: 150 · 2014: 154 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 27.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Magnetic properties of thin films
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum and electron transport phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Advanced Condensed Matter Physics
- Keywords
- spin Seebeck effect, thermoelectric effect, spin Hall effect, spin voltage, pure spin current, spintronic devices, temperature gradient, spin detection
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