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The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual
Open accessAbstract
Here we present the first diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual. The genome was sequenced to 36-fold average coverage using massively parallel sequencing technology. We aligned the short reads onto the NCBI human reference genome to 99.97% coverage, and guided by the reference genome, we used uniquely mapped reads to assemble a high-quality consensus sequence for 92% of the Asian individual’s genome. We identified approximately 3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside this region, of which 13.6% were not in the dbSNP database. Genotyping analysis showed that SNP identification had high accuracy and consistency, indicating the high sequence quality of this assembly. We also carried out heterozygote phasing and haplotype prediction against HapMap CHB and JPT haplotypes (Chinese and Japanese, respectively), sequence comparison with the two available individual genomes (J. D. Watson and J. C. Venter), and structural variation identification. These variations were considered for their potential biological impact. Our sequence data and analyses demonstrate the potential usefulness of next-generation sequencing technologies for personal genomics. The power of the latest massively parallel synthetic DNA sequencing technologies is demonstrated in two major collaborations that shed light on the nature of genomic variation with ethnicity. The first describes the genomic characterization of an individual from the Yoruba ethnic group of west Africa. The second reports a personal genome of a Han Chinese, the group comprising 30% of the world's population. These new resources can now be used in conjunction with the Venter, Watson and NIH reference sequences. A separate study looked at genetic ethnicity on the continental scale, based on data from 1,387 individuals from more than 30 European countries. Overall there was little genetic variation between countries, but the differences that do exist correspond closely to the geographic map. Statistical analysis of the genome data places 50% of the individuals within 310 km of their reported origin. As well as its relevance for testing genetic ancestry, this work has implications for evaluating genome-wide association studies that link genes with diseases.
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“In contrast, Illumina transcriptome or genome sequencing was mainly limited to organisms with reference genomes available [14,51-53].”
From De novo assembly and characterization of root transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing and development of cSSR markers in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) (2010) · cites this paper as [14]
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“High coverage 11,12 permitted the identification of 2.2 million heterozygous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the sequenced individual (Supplementary Figs. 5 and 6 and Supplementary Tables 7 and 8).”
From The yak genome and adaptation to life at high altitude (2012) · cites this paper as [12]
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“The newly developed high throughput sequencing technology, i.e. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), including the Roche/454 Genome Sequencer FLX Instrument, the ABI SOLiD System, and the Illumina Genome Analyser, is a powerful and cost-efficient tool for advanced research in many areas, including re-sequencing, microRNA expression profiling, DNA methylation, especially de novo transcriptome”
From De novo assembly and characterization of root transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing and development of cSSR markers in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) (2010) · cites this paper as [14]
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MethodTranscriptome Sequencing in a Tibetan Barley Landrace with High Resistance to Powdery Mildew
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“As a result, it is currently feasible to sequence even whole human genomes in a time frame of months, or even weeks, rather than years [3,4,5,6,7].”
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Self-citationOn parameters of the human genome
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Self-citationError Tolerant Indexing and Alignment of Short Reads with Covering Template Families
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Utility of the Ion S5™ and MiSeq FGx™ sequencing platforms to characterize challenging human remains
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Self-citationEmergence of single-molecule sequencing and potential for molecular diagnostic applications
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“A number of personal genomes have become publicly available in the recent past [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12] with several more”
BackgroundNext-Generation Sequencing Technologies and Fragment Assembly Algorithms
Lee, H., & Tang, H. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-582-4_5 · Cited by 29
Single Nucleotide Analysis of Cytosine Methylation by Whole‐Genome Shotgun Bisulfite Sequencing
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“This result is consistent with previous resequencing results, where the SNP calling accuracy was found to be ~ 95–99% [14, 17, 24, 25].”
ResultSelf-citationGenomic determinants in the phenotypic variability of Down syndrome
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MethodCorrection: SOAP3-dp: Fast, Accurate and Sensitive GPU-Based Short Read Aligner
Luo, R., Wong, T. K. F., Zhu, J.-Q., Liu, C.-M., Zhu, X., Wu, E., Lee, L., Lin, H., Zhu, W., Cheung, D. W.-L., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/823f3670-ed17-41ec-ba51-b50281651915 · Cited by 27
Self-citationDNA-COMPACT: DNA COMpression Based on a Pattern-Aware Contextual Modeling Technique
Li, P., Wang, S., Kim, J., Xiong, H., Lucila Ohno-machado, A., & Jiang, X. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080377 · Cited by 26
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“Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies such as RNA-Seq using Illumina platform have applications in many research fields including re-sequencing, micro-RNA expression profiling, DNA methylation and have been utilized extensively for model [4-12] and non-model [13-19] organisms.”
MethodKuwaiti population subgroup of nomadic Bedouin ancestry—Whole genome sequence and analysis
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Personal genomes, quantitative dynamic omics and personalized medicine
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“Previous reports with the same pipeline have shown that the SNV calling accuracy is 95-99%, with false-positive and false-negative rates to be ~2% and ~3%, respectively [17-19].”
BackgroundComparison and evaluation of two exome capture kits and sequencing platforms for variant calling
Zhang, G., Wang, J., Yang, J., Li, W., Deng, Y., Li, J., Huang, J. T., Hu, S., & Zhang, B. (2015) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1796-6 · Cited by 27
“Background Whole genome sequencing (WGS) comprehensively investigates genome sequence changes such as single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) [1, 2], insertions and deletions (InDels) [3–9], chromosomal rearrangements [10, 11], and copy-number variation [12, 13], and so on.”
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“The comparison of whole genome sequences between individuals has allowed the detection of substantially more variation than expected [96, 169].”
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“1a: first randomly selected 1561 subsets of reads to obtain results at varying coverage depths, then compared the results obtained with the results from whole-genome sequencing for the same region in the same DNA samples deposited in dbYH [8], finally calculated the false negative rate at each depth to get the regress…”
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“The successful application of this approach has been demonstrated in several studies [51–53].”
ResultEffective normalization for copy number variation detection from whole genome sequencing
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“non-genic regions, and in the context of the 8,599 validated segments from [11].”
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“Next-generation sequencing has accelerated human genome sequencing with unprecedented speed at the population scale across diverse ethnic groups (Wang et al. 2008; Wheeler et al. 2008; Ahn et al. 2009; Kim et al. 2009).”
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“…infections within each group appeared to be similar to each other on the distribution of biological community, except sample 31 in the untreated group as it clearly differed compared with the other untreated samples (10, 15 and 53), whereas fungal infections were more varied within each group.”
Identification and mapping of SNPs associated with number of intermuscular bone in blunt snout bream
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Cheng, Z., Lin, J., Lin, T., Xu, M. Q., Huang, Z., Yang, Z., Huang, X., & Zheng, J. (2014) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/c3mb70349e · Cited by 21
Self-citationReference based genome compression
Chern, B., Ochoa, I., Manolakos, A., No, A., Venkat, K., & Weissman, T. (2012) · IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW) · doi:10.1109/itw.2012.6404708 · Cited by 22
“Specifically, we use the hg18 release from the UCSC Genome Browser, the korean genomes KOREF20090131 and KOREF20090224 [19], the genome of a Han Chinese referred to as YH [20] and the Watson JW genome [2].”
MethodBansal, V., & Libiger, O. (2011) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr344 · Cited by 22
“Indeed, whole-genome shotgun sequencing of several individuals using high-throughput platforms has demonstrated the presence of several hundred thousands of short indel variants per genome (Bentley et al., 2008; McKernan et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2008; Wheeler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundZhou, W., Zhang, F., Chen, X., Shen, Y., Lupski, J. R., & Li, J. (2013) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt113 · Cited by 22
Self-citationPeters, B. A., Liu, J., & Drmanac, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00466 · Cited by 20
Best Practices in Wildlife Forensic DNA
Moore, M. K., & Kornfield, I. L. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119953142.ch11 · Cited by 21
A genomic overview of short genetic variations in a basal chordate, Ciona intestinalis
Satou, Y., Shin‐I, T., Kohara, Y., Satoh, N., & Chiba, S. (2012) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-208 · Cited by 21
“savignyi, sea urchin and amphioxus but much higher than those of humans [2-4] and fish [5,6].”
BackgroundGenomic medicine and neurological disease
Boone, P. M., Wiszniewski, W. K., & Lupski, J. R. (2011) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-011-1001-1 · Cited by 19
A droplet digital PCR detection method for rare L1 insertions in tumors
White, T., McCoy, A. M., Streva, V. A., Fenrich, J., & Deininger, P. L. (2014) · Mobile DNA · doi:10.1186/s13100-014-0030-4 · Cited by 22
“Additional polymorphic L1 loci tested were chosen among previously characterized polymorphic full-length L1 elements on Chromosome 4 (Database of Genomic Variants ID: esv4912, esv3475 [24,25]), and were assayed on the basis of identity to the L1Hs consensus sequence.”
BackgroundComparison of multiple algorithms to reliably detect structural variants in pears
Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Sun, J., Chang, W., Sun, M., Zhang, S., & Wu, J. (2020) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-020-6455-x · Cited by 20
Haplotype-resolved Chinese male genome assembly based on high-fidelity sequencing
Yang, X., Zhao, X., Qu, S., Jia, P., Wang, B., Gao, S., Xu, T., Zhang, W., Huang, J., & Ye, K. (2022) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2022.02.005 · Cited by 19
“0 [30] , have been released.”
Whole human exome capture for high-throughput sequencing
Kim, D.-W., Nam, S.-H., Kim, R. N., Choi, S.-H., & Park, H.-S. (2010) · Genome · doi:10.1139/g10-025 · Cited by 21
“Next-generation sequencing technologies have revolutionized the ways large genomes are sequenced and have lowered the sequencing cost per nucleotide by several orders of magnitude, which is very useful in the personal genome sequencing era (Margulies et al. 2005; Shendure et al. 2005; Bentley et al. 2008; Ley et al. 2…”
BackgroundIdentification of Genome-Wide Variations among Three Elite Restorer Lines for Hybrid-Rice
Li, S., Wang, S., Deng, Q., Zheng, A., Zhu, J., Liu, H., Wang, L., Gao, F., Zou, T., Huang, B., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030952 · Cited by 20
“0610(24), which is lower than that for other species, such as pandas [31] and humans [32].”
BackgroundSelf-citationChen, L., Zhou, W., Zhang, C., Lupski, J. R., Li, J., & Zhang, F. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu572 · Cited by 19
“The one includes the CNVs identified in human populations using the CGH technology (33); the other includes the human CNVs identified by the NGS methods (34-39).”
MethodSelf-citationClinical implications of copy number variations in autoimmune disorders
Yim, S., Jung, S., Chung, B., & Chung, Y. (2015) · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjim.2015.30.3.294 · Cited by 23
“2B) [28,29].”
Li, J., Batcha, A. M. N., Gaining, B., & Mansmann, U. (2015) · Cancer Informatics · doi:10.4137/cin.s30793 · Cited by 20
Self-citationHigh efficiency referential genome compression algorithm
Shi, W., Chen, J., Luo, M., & Chen, M. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty934 · Cited by 20
A survey of localized sequence rearrangements in human DNA
Frith, M. C., & Khan, S. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx1266 · Cited by 21
HRCM: An Efficient Hybrid Referential Compression Method for Genomic Big Data
Yao, H., Ji, Y., Li, K., Liu, S., He, J., & Wang, R. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/3108950 · Cited by 20
“To evaluate the compression performance of single sequence compression, we picked UCSC sequencing data (hg17, hg18, hg19, hg38), KOREF_20090131 (denoted by K131), KOREF_20090224 (denoted by K224) [45], the first Chinese genome sequence YH [46], and the genome of J.”
MethodLinkage disequilibrium based genotype calling from low-coverage shotgun sequencing reads
Duitama, J., Kennedy, J., Dinakar, S., Hernandez, Y. A., Wu, Y., & Măndoiu, I. (2011) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-s1-s53 · Cited by 20
“This has enabled sequencing of several individual genomes [1-8], ushering the era of personal genomics.”
BackgroundHayes, M., Pyon, Y. S., & Li, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052881 · Cited by 20
Self-citationDetection of Genomic Variation by Selection of a 9 Mb DNA Region and High Throughput Sequencing
Nikolaev, S. I., Iseli, C., Sharp, A. J., Robyr, D., Rougemont, J., Gehrig, C., Farinelli, L., & Antonarakis, S. E. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006659 · Cited by 19
“The same type of analysis conducted in human individual genomes have shown that in the Watson genome 82% of all variants were present in dbSNP, 74% in a Yoruban genome, and 86% in an Asian genome [5,7,8].”
BackgroundMethodCancer gene discovery in mouse and man
Mattison, J., van der Weyden, L., Hubbard, T., & Adams, D. J. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.03.001 · Cited by 21
The Neurogenomics View of Neurological Diseases
Tsuji, S. (2013) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.734 · Cited by 20
“approach to conduct whole-genome sequencing for various research applications (Figure 2).(36-40) Studies have shown that there are more than 3 million variations in the human genome of each individual.”
MethodSelected technologies for measuring acquired genetic damage in humans
Shuga, J., Zeng, Y., Novak, R., Mathies, R. A., Hainaut, P. L., & Smith, M. T. (2010) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/em.20630 · Cited by 19
Clonal Characteristics of Circulating B Lymphocyte Repertoire in Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Tan, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., Han, Y., Huang, C., Zhang, H., Li, Z.-M., Wu, X.-L., Wang, X.-F., Dong, Y., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1600096 · Cited by 19
“denaturization, and hybridization of sequencing primers were performed as described elsewhere (14).”
MethodSelf-citationMapping Insertions, Deletions and SNPs on Venter's Chromosomes
Costantini, M., & Bernardi, G. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005972 · Cited by 19
Guo, X., Brenner, M., Zhang, X., Laragione, T., Tai, S., Li, Y., Bu, J., Yin, Y., Shah, A. A., Kwan, K., et al. (2013) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.113.153049 · Cited by 19
“Detection of structural variation and copy-number variation candidates We identified structural variation using the paired-end method (Wang et al. 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationПономаренко, П. М., Suslov, V. V., Savinkova, L. K., Ponomarenko, M. P., & Kolchanov, N. A. (2010) · BIOPHYSICS · doi:10.1134/s0006350910030036 · Cited by 18
The humankind genome: from genetic diversity to the origin of human diseases
Belizário, J. E. (2013) · Genome · doi:10.1139/gen-2013-0125 · Cited by 19
“By 2012, over 1200 complete whole genomes of individulas of American, African, Asian, and European ancestry have been resequenced using NGS platforms (Levy et al. 2007; Kidd et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2008; Wheeler et al. 2008; Ahn et al. 2009; Kim et al. 2009; McKernan et al. 2009; Drmanac et al. 2010; Li et al. 2010;…”
BackgroundXu, S., Zhou, F., Tao, J., Song, L., Ng, S. C., Wang, X., Chen, L., Yi, F., Ran, Z., Zhou, R., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099807 · Cited by 18
Statistical Issues in the Analysis of ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq Data
Ghosh, D., & Qin, Z. S. (2010) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes1020317 · Cited by 18
“These range from genome-wide survey of transcription factor binding sites: Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by high throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) [1-4], comprehensive surveying of the entire transcriptome: RNA-Seq [5,6] , global methylation patterns [7-10], sequencing the organisms present in a complex mixtur…”
BackgroundBonnal, R. J. P., Severgnini, M., Castaldi, A., Bordoni, R., Iacono, M., Trimarco, A., Torella, A., Piluso, G., Aurino, S., Condorelli, G., et al. (2010) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2010.07.022 · Cited by 18
Valsesia, A., Stevenson, B. J., Waterworth, D. M., Mooser, V., Vollenweider, P., Waeber, G., Jongeneel, C. V., Beckmann, J. S., Kutalik, Z., & Bergmann, S. (2012) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-241 · Cited by 18
“Already data from several large studies can be retrieved [76-80] and many different algorithms have been developed to mine indels and CNVs [81-87].”
BackgroundDistinct Patterns of Genetic Variations in Potential Functional Elements in Long Noncoding RNAs
Bhartiya, D., Jalali, S., Ghosh, S., & Scaria, V. (2013) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.22472 · Cited by 20
“The availability of whole-genome sequences from individuals [Ahn et al., 2009; Bentley et al., 2008; Drmanac et al., 2010; Gonzaga-Jauregui et al., 2012; Levy et al., 2007; McKernan et al., 2009; Patowary et al., 2012; Pushkarev et al., 2009; Salleh, et al., 2013; Venter et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2008; Wheeler et al.…”
BackgroundDo-it-yourself genetic testing
Salzberg, S. L., & Pertea, M. (2010) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-10-404 · Cited by 18
“The Asian genome (3,334,275,294 reads) was the first sequence of an Asian individual to be published [10].”
BackgroundAllowing mutations in maximal matches boosts genome compression performance
Liu, Y., Wong, L., & Li, J. (2020) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa572 · Cited by 18
“…genomes (viz., HG17, HG18, HG19, HG38, KOREF_20090131 (denoted by K131) and KOREF_20090224 (denoted by K224) (Ahn et al. , 2009)) and two individual genomes (YH (Wang et al. , 2008) and HuRef (Levy et al. , 2007)) were pairwise tested for reference-based genome compression by each of these methods.”
MethodSelf-citationA brief utilization report on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer
Liu, L., Hu, N., Wang, B., Chen, M., Wang, J., Tian, Z., He, Y., & Lin, D. (2011) · Mycology: An International Journal on Fungal Biology · doi:10.1080/21501203.2011.615871 · Cited by 18
“We aligned the reads to the reference (NCBI HG18) by SOAP2.”
MethodSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, J., Wang, W., Li, R., Li, Y., Tian, G., Goodman, L., Fan, W., Zhang, J., Li, J., Zhang, J., Guo, Y., Feng, B., Li, H., Lu, Y., Fang, X., Liang, H., Du, Z., Li, D., Zhao, Y., Hu, Y., Yang, Z., Zheng, H., Hellmann, I., Inouye, M., Pool, J., Yi, X., Zhao, J., Duan, J., Zhou, Y., Qin, J., Ma, L., Li, G., Yang, Z., Zhang, G., Yang, B., Yu, C., Liang, F., Li, W., Li, S., Li, D., Ni, P., Ruan, J., Li, Q., Zhu, H., Liu, D., Lu, Z., Li, N., Guo, G., Zhang, J., Ye, J., Fang, L., Hao, Q., Chen, Q., Liang, Y., Su, Y., san, A., Ping, C., Yang, S., Chen, F., Li, L., Zhou, K., Zheng, H., Ren, Y., Yang, L., Gao, Y., Yang, G., Li, Z., Feng, X., Kristiansen, K., Wong, G. K.-S., Nielsen, R., Durbin, R., Bolund, L., Zhang, X., Li, S., Yang, H., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- BGI Group (China) (CN)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Jun
- Wang, Jian
- ORCID
- Wang, Jun
- Wang, Wei
- Li, Ruiqiang
- Li, Yingrui
- Tian, Geng
- Goodman, Laurie
- Fan, Wei
- Zhang, Junqing
- Li, Jun
- Guo, Yiran
- Li, Heng
- Lu, Yao
- Fang, Xiaodong
- Liang, Huiqing
- Du, Zhenglin
- Li, Dong
- Zhao, Yiqing
- Hu, Yujie
- Yang, Zhenzhen
- Zheng, Hancheng
- Hellmann, Ines
- Inouye, Michael
- Pool, John
- Yi, Xin
- Zhao, Jing
- Duan, Jinjie
- Qin, Junjie
- Ma, Lijia
- Li, Guoqing
- Zhang, Guojie
- Yang, Bin
- Yu, Chang
- Li, Wenjie
- Li, Shaochuan
- Li, Dawei
- Ruan, Jue
- Li, Qibin
- Zhu, Hongmei
- Liu, Dongyuan
- Lu, Zhike
- Li, Ning
- Guo, Guangwu
- Zhang, Jianguo
- Ye, Jia
- Fang, Lin
- Hao, Qin
- Chen, Quan
- Liang, Yu
- Yang, Shuang
- Chen, Fang
- Li, Li
- Zheng, Hongkun
- Ren, Yuanyuan
- Yang, Ling
- Gao, Yang
- Yang, Guohua
- Li, Zhuo
- Feng, Xiaoli
- Kristiansen, Karsten
- Wong, Gane Ka-Shu
- Nielsen, Rasmus
- Durbin, Richard
- Bolund, Lars
- Zhang, Xiuqing
- Li, Songgang
- Yang, Huanming
- Wang, Jian
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 456
- Issue
- 7218
- Pages
- 60-65
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2716080
- OpenAlex
- W2001725958
- Cited by
- 924
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 105
- FWCI
- 60.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (077192)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (30890032, 90608010, 30221004, 90612019, 90403130, 30725008, 30392130)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (GJHZ0701-6, KSCX2-YWN-023)
- Lundbeckfonden
- Shenzhen University
- Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (D07030200740000)
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- National High-tech Research and Development Program
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2007CB815705, 2007CB815703, 2007CB815701)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG003229)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- single nucleotide polymorphisms, structural variants, personal genomics, genetic ancestry, Han Chinese, Yoruba, HapMap, genome assembly, genome-wide association study
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Pan troglodytes, Diploidy, Haplotypes, Humans, Phenotype, Sensitivity and Specificity, Genome, Human, Consensus Sequence, Sequence Alignment, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Internet, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genomics, Databases, Genetic, Asian People
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