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HITS-CLIP yields genome-wide insights into brain alternative RNA processing
Open accessAbstract
Protein-RNA interactions have critical roles in all aspects of gene expression. However, applying biochemical methods to understand such interactions in living tissues has been challenging. Here we develop a genome-wide means of mapping protein-RNA binding sites in vivo, by high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by crosslinking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP). HITS-CLIP analysis of the neuron-specific splicing factor Nova revealed extremely reproducible RNA-binding maps in multiple mouse brains. These maps provide genome-wide in vivo biochemical footprints confirming the previous prediction that the position of Nova binding determines the outcome of alternative splicing; moreover, they are sufficiently powerful to predict Nova action de novo. HITS-CLIP revealed a large number of Nova-RNA interactions in 3' untranslated regions, leading to the discovery that Nova regulates alternative polyadenylation in the brain. HITS-CLIP, therefore, provides a robust, unbiased means to identify functional protein-RNA interactions in vivo.
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“crosslinking and immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (HITS-CLIP) has been developed to isolate RNA fragments directly bound by an RBP of interest (Darnell, 2010; Licatalosi et al., 2008; Moore et al., 2014; Ule et al., 2005a).”
From HITS-CLIP and integrative modeling define the Rbfox splicing-regulatory network linked to brain development and autism (2014) · cites this paper as Licatalosi et al., 2008
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“Indeed, dual functions for splicing regulators in 3′-end poly-A site selection and mRNA transport have been described26,27”
From A compendium of RNA-binding motifs for decoding gene regulation (2013) · cites this paper as [26]
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“Alternative splicing (AS) is a highly tissue-specific process18 that greatly increases the complexity of the potential set of RNA molecules produced from multi-exon genes.”
From Decoding neuroproteomics: integrating the genome, translatome and functional anatomy (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
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Cites
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“This method, termed CLIP10,11, uses UV-irradiation to induce covalent crosslinks between protein-RNA complexes in situ , allowing rigorous purification of RNABPs along with small fragments of RNA, which can be amplified and sequenced.”
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Cassar, P. A., & Stanford, W. L. (2011) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.22787 · Cited by 11
“To circumvent this, others have employed CLIP (cross-linking and immunoprecipitation): a modified RIP protocol that applies UV irradiation to irreversibly cross-link RNA-protein complexes prior to immunoprecipitation (Ule et al., 2003; Licatalosi et al., 2008).”
MethodDetection and Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs
Lai, F., Blumenthal, E., & Shiekhattar, R. (2016) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2016.03.010 · Cited by 11
RNA structure, binding, and coordination in Arabidopsis
Foley, S. W., Kramer, M. C., & Gregory, B. D. (2017) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1426 · Cited by 10
RPiRLS: Quantitative Predictions of RNA Interacting with Any Protein of Known Sequence
Shen, W.-J., Cui, W., Chen, D., Zhang, J., & Xu, J. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23030540 · Cited by 11
“The experimental determination of RPIs remains expensive and time-consuming [18] [19] [20] , but fortunately, the accumulated RPI experimental data facilitate the development of computational models for RPI prediction [21] [22] [23] .”
BackgroundSMARTIV: combined sequence and structure de-novo motif discovery for in-vivo RNA binding data
Polishchuk, M. S., Paz, I., Yakhini, Z., & Mandel‐Gutfreund, Y. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky453 · Cited by 11
“We tested SMARTIV webserver on 52 sets of RNA binding data for 33 different RBPs, generated from different types of CLIP technologies, including CLIP-seq (43), HITS-CLIP (44), PAR-CLIP (10,45,46), iCLIP (47,48) and eCLIP (12).”
MethodZhao, S., & Hamada, M. (2021) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-021-04430-y · Cited by 11
“The combined ultraviolet cross-linking and immunoprecipitation with sequencing (CLIP-seq) method was developed to measure genome-wide protein-RNA interactions in different cellular environments [9–12].”
MethodCross-Linking and Immunoprecipitation of Nuclear RNA-Binding Proteins
Li, Q., Uemura, Y., & Kawahara, Y. (2014) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2253-6_15 · Cited by 11
“Consequently, in combination with high- throughput sequencing (HITS-CLIP or CLIP-seq), targets and functions have been identifi ed for many RBPs, such as Nova, Ago2, and TDP-43 [ 4 – 6 ].”
BackgroundMicroarray Meta-Analysis of RNA-Binding Protein Functions in Alternative Polyadenylation
Hu, W., Liu, Y., & Yan, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090774 · Cited by 12
“As a validated case of RBP regulation of differential APA event, Nova2 regulates the tandem UTR lengthening on Celf2 [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialMapping of In Vivo RNA-Binding Sites by Ultraviolet (UV)-Cross-Linking Immunoprecipitation (CLIP)Preprint
Darnell, J. C., Mele, A., Hung, K. Y. S., & Darnell, R. B. (2018) · Cold Spring Harbor Protocols · doi:10.1101/pdb.top097931 · Cited by 12
“…of RNA–protein interaction; in complex biological experiments, we have found it useful to focus on tags that are present in more than one biologic replicate experiment (defined as loci with a “biologic complexity” of >n, where n is the number of replicate experiments) (Licatalosi et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationChen, L., & Wong, G. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20204-5 · Cited by 14
Cholinergic regulation of striatal Nova mRNAs
Jelen, N., Ule, J., & Živin, M. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.013 · Cited by 10
Self-citationPerturbation of mRNA splicing in liver cancer: insights, opportunities and challenges
Jia, Q., Sun, X., Li, H., Guo, J., Niu, K., Chan, K. M., Bernards, R., Qin, W., & Jin, H. (2024) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2024-333127 · Cited by 10
“83 For example, the splicing factor HNRNPC has a critical role in the establishment of APA profiles by regulating poly(A) site selection in a subset of genes that have been implicated in cancer progression, including MTHFD1L.”
NOVA1/2 genes and alternative splicing in neurodevelopment
Piton, A. (2025) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2025.102373 · Cited by 13
Li, H., Sun, C., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., Liu, Y., Gao, Y., Xu, L., & Zhang, C. (2012) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1369/0022155412461255 · Cited by 10
“2005), cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) (Ule et al. 2003; Licatalosi et al. 2008), microarray (Ule et al.”
BackgroundUnderstanding MicroRNA Regulation: A computational perspective
Yue, D., Meng, J., Lu, M., Chen, C. L. P., Guo, M., & Huang, Y. (2011) · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · doi:10.1109/msp.2011.943013 · Cited by 10
“Currently, sRNA target base (StarBase) [14] maintains a public database for miRNA-target interaction maps obtained from HITS-CLIP [13] and PAR-CLIP [12] studies.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBayesian hidden Markov models to identify RNA–protein interaction sites in PAR‐CLIP
Yun, J., Wang, T., & Xiao, G. (2014) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/biom.12147 · Cited by 9
RASA: Robust Alternative Splicing Analysis for Human Transcriptome Arrays
Seok, J., Xu, W., Davis, R. W., & Xiao, W. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep11917 · Cited by 9
“ASPIRE and ASI method: The proposed method was compared with the analysis of splicing by isoform reciprocity (ASPIRE) algorithm 10,11 , and the accumulated splicing index (ASI) 12 .”
MethodIslam, R., & Lai, C. W. K. (2019) · Epigenomes · doi:10.3390/epigenomes3030020 · Cited by 9
Next-Generation Sequencing in Equine Genomics
Petersen, J. L., & Coleman, S. J. (2020) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2020.03.002 · Cited by 10
RNA‐binding proteins in diabetic microangiopathy
Tu, C., Wang, L., & Wei, L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.24407 · Cited by 10
Lv, Y., Lü, G., Cai, Y., Su, R., Liang, L., Wang, X., Mu, W., He, X., Huang, T., Ma, J., et al. (2022) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1093/procel/pwac040 · Cited by 10
“RNA immunoprecipitation with sequencing (RIP-seq) and crosslinking immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (CLIP-seq or HITS-CLIP) are two experimental approaches for identifying RBP target molecules (Licatalosi et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2010).”
MethodSelf-citationHer, H.-L., Boyle, E. A., & Yeo, G. W.-M. (2022) · Bioinformatics Advances · doi:10.1093/bioadv/vbac083 · Cited by 10
Mapping RNA-Protein Interactions with Subcellular Resolution Using Colocalization CLIP
Yi, S., Singh, S. S., Rozen-Gagnon, K., & Luna, J. M. (2024) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.079890.123 · Cited by 11
“Our knowledge of RBP – RNA interactions has been revolutionized in the past decade by cross-linking and immuno-precipitation (CLIP) methods (Licatalosi et al. 2008, 2020; Darnell 2010; Hafner et al. 2010; Nostrand et al. 2016; Ule et al. 2018).”
MethodHigh-resolution profiling of protein occupancy on polyadenylated RNA transcripts
Munschauer, M., Schueler, M., Dieterich, C., & Landthaler, M. (2013) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.09.017 · Cited by 10
Deciphering LncRNA–protein interactions using docking complexes
Suravajhala, R., Gupta, S., Kumar, N., & Suravajhala, P. (2020) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1850354 · Cited by 10
“…chip (RIP-Chip) (Keene et al., 2006), high-throughput RNA sequencing using cross linking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP) (Licatalosi et al., 2008) and cross linking immunoprecipitation along with high-throughput sequencing (CLIP-Seq) and also for predicting RNA-binding…”
BackgroundRNA Secondary Structure Representation Network for RNA-proteins Binding Prediction
Liu, Z., Luo, F., & Du, B. (2021) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v35i1.16112 · Cited by 10
“This dataset consists of 24 sets of HITS-CLIP-, PAR-CLIP-and iCLIP-derived binding sites, where 23 sets were derived from do-RiNA (Anders et al. 2011) and PTB HITS-CLIP binding sites was taken from (Xue et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodIdentification of Transcription Factor–DNA Interactions In Vivo
Odom, D. T. (2011) · Sub-cellular biochemistry/Subcellular biochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9069-0_8 · Cited by 11
“The use of formaldehyde to crosslink proteins to nucleic acids was reported in the 1960s for ribonucleotides [17], and continues to be used in numerous RNA-protein identification protocols [18-20].”
BackgroundShankarling, G. S., & MacDonald, C. C. (2013) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.007 · Cited by 10
“Donald). nd Biophysics, University of -6059, USA. ights reserved. between splicing and polyadenylation contributes to brain mRNA isoform diversity (Licatalosi et al., 2008), suggesting interacting roles.”
BackgroundInfluentialPrado, M. M., Frampton, A. E., Giovannetti, E., Stebbing, J., Castellano, L., & Krell, J. (2016) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2016.1239532 · Cited by 10
An in Vitro Technique to Identify the RNA Binding-Site Sequences for RNA-Binding Proteins
Choi, S., Park, C., Kim, K. E., & Kim, K. K. (2017) · BioTechniques · doi:10.2144/000114567 · Cited by 10
Recent Advances in Machine Learning Based Prediction of RNA-protein Interactions
Sagar, A., & Xue, B. (2019) · Protein and Peptide Letters · doi:10.2174/0929866526666190619103853 · Cited by 10
Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE for Cross-Linking Immunoprecipitation (CLIP)Preprint
Darnell, J. C., Mele, A., Hung, K. Y. S., & Darnell, R. B. (2018) · Cold Spring Harbor Protocols · doi:10.1101/pdb.prot097956 · Cited by 10
Self-citationPeyda, P., Lin, C.-H., Onwuzurike, K., & Black, D. L. (2025) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.352105.124 · Cited by 10
Genome-wide mapping of RNA-protein associations through sequencing
Qi, Z., Xue, S., Chen, J., Zhao, W., Johnson, K., Wen, X., Richard, J. L. C., Lin, P., & Zhong, S. (2025) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-025-02780-z · Cited by 11
“RNA-protein associations were downloaded from the RNAInter data-base at http://www.rnainter.org/download/, specifying ‘ Homo sapiens ’ in both the ‘Species 1’ column and the ‘Species 2’ column. iCLIP and HITS-CLIP derived RNA-protein associations were also downloaded from RNAInter by specifying ‘ Homo sapiens ’ in bot…”
InfluentialRNA-induced PRC2 inhibition depends on the sequence of bound RNA
Song, J., Yao, L., Gooding, A. R., Thron, V., Hemphill, W. O., Goodrich, K. J., Erbse, A. H., Kasinath, V., & Cech, T. R. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72294-y · Cited by 9
“RIP-seq and CLIP-seq analysis of RNA bound by PRC2 identi fi ed C and U repetitive motifs and shorter G-tract motifs incapable of folding into G4 in addition to the G4-forming sequences 36,48 .”
BackCLIP: a tool to identify common background presence in PAR-CLIP datasets
Reyes-Herrera, P. H., Speck‐Hernandez, C. A., Sierra, C. A., & Herrera, S. (2015) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv442 · Cited by 9
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Abadi, S. A. R., Tabatabaei, S., & Koohi, S. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04593-7 · Cited by 9
“The RBP-24 dataset [36], which consists of 24 sets of CLIP-seq [37] and 9 sets of RNAcompete data, is one of our three data-sets and is considered to support RBP prediction from various forms of high-throughput experimental data, such as CLIP-seq and RNAcompete.”
MethodFeng, H., Lu, X., Maji, S., Liu, L., Ustianenko, D., Rudnick, N. D., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46429-y · Cited by 10
“10 and 11).”
Bakulin, A., Teyssier, N., Kampmann, M., Khoroshkin, M., & Goodarzi, H. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012346 · Cited by 8
“Regulons are typically annotated using experimental data (such as ChIP-seq [5] and CLIP-seq [6]) or inferred using sequence binding preferences of each regulator (AlignACE [7,8], FIRE [9], DeepBind [10], DeepSEA [11], DanQ [12]).”
MethodHu, X. S., Wu, Y., Lü, Z., & Yip, K. Y.-L. (2015) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbv106 · Cited by 9
“HITS-CLIP [40], which involves CLIP followed by RNA sequencing, was first proposed to determine the RNA binding sites of a splicing factor.”
MethodTranscriptomic Changes in Brain Development
Dillman, A., & Cookson, M. (2014) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801105-8.00009-6 · Cited by 10
“Using high throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by crosslinking, it was discovered that the binding of Nova2 affects alternative splicing (Licatalosi et al., 2008).”
BackgroundClip for studying protein-RNA interactions that regulate virus replication
Mugisha, C. S., Tenneti, K., & Kutluay, S. B. (2019) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.11.011 · Cited by 9
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Shukla, T. N., Song, J. J., & Campbell, Z. T. (2020) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2020.1717059 · Cited by 8
Chen, F., & Keleş, S. (2020) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-02039-7 · Cited by 8
“revealed a rich repertoire of RBP profiles in cell lines and tissues [5, 6, 7].”
BackgroundImproving CLIP-seq data analysis by incorporating transcript information
Uhl, M., Tran, V. D., & Backofen, R. (2020) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-020-07297-0 · Cited by 9
“Background Over the last decade, CLIP-seq (cross-linking and immunoprecipitation followed by next generation sequencing) [1] has become the state-of-the-art procedure to experimentally determine the precise transcriptome-wide binding locations of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs).”
BackgroundMasuda, A., Kawachi, T., & Ohno, K. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22105312 · Cited by 11
“maps of Nova–RNA interaction sites in the mouse brain [36].”
BackgroundRogalska, M. E., Vafiadaki, E., Erpapazoglou, Z., Haghighi, K., Green, L., Mantzoros, C. S., Hajjar, R. J., Tranter, M., Karakikes, I., Kranias, E. G., et al. (2022) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155344 · Cited by 9
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“Several sequencing based approaches (Ago-CLIP, HITS-CLIP) have been developed to investigate protein/ mRNA or miRNA/mRNA interactions [27, 28].”
MethodMajer, A., & Booth, S. A. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.095 · Cited by 9
Zheng, J., Xing, D., Wu, X., Shen, Y., Kroll, D. M., Ji, G., & Li, Q. Q. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014719 · Cited by 9
“Accumulating evidence suggests that this process has been widely employed by higher eukaryotes, through alternative polyadenylation (APA), to regulate gene expression and therefore plays roles in specific biological functions[1–13].”
Global signatures of protein binding on structured RNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Yang, Y., Umetsu, J., & Lu, Z. J. (2013) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-013-4583-0 · Cited by 9
Isolation and analyses of axonal ribonucleoprotein complexes
Doron‐Mandel, E., Alber, S., Osés-Prieto, J. A., Medzihradszky, K. F., Burlingame, A. L., Fainzilber, M., Twiss, J. L., & Lee, S. J. (2015) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.010 · Cited by 9
“…techniques, such as RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and cross-linking immunoprecipitation (CLIP) have been developed in order to identify their associated mRNAs (Jensen & Darnell, 2008; Licatalosi et al., 2008; Milek, Wyler, & Landthaler, 2012; Niranjanakumari, Lasda, Brazas, & Garcia-Blanco, 2002).”
BackgroundRevealing the grammar of small RNA secretion using interpretable machine learning
Zirak, B., Naghipourfar, M., Saberi, A., Pouyabahar, D., Zarezadeh, A., Luo, L., Fish, L., Huh, D., Navickas, A., Sharifi‐Zarchi, A., et al. (2024) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100522 · Cited by 10
RNA processing in innate immunity: regulation by RNA-binding proteins
Panthi, A., & Lynch, K. W. (2025) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2025.04.004 · Cited by 9
Compendium of Methods to Uncover RNA-Protein Interactions In Vivo
Majumder, M., & Palanisamy, V. (2021) · Methods and Protocols · doi:10.3390/mps4010022 · Cited by 9
“Therefore, specificity can be achieved by detecting the bound RNA by RT-PCR.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA comprehensive review of methods to study lncRNA–protein interactions in solution
Badmalia, M. D., Pereira, H. S., Siddiqui, M. Q., & Patel, T. R. (2022) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20220604 · Cited by 8
Werren, E. A., LaForce, G. R., Srivastava, A., Perillo, D. R., Li, S., Johnson, K., Barış, S., Berger, B. A., Regan, S. L., Pfennig, C. D., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45948-y · Cited by 8
Yadav, P., Tamilselvan, R., Mani, H., & Singh, K. K. (2024) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195022 · Cited by 9
Unique transcriptomes of sensory and non-sensory neurons: insights from Splicing Regulatory States
Ciampi, L., Serrano, L. G., & Irimia, M. (2024) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/s44320-024-00020-1 · Cited by 10
“This positional dependency, or splicing regulatory map (Witten and Ule, 2011), was fi rst discovered for NOVA1/2, which binds to clusters of YCAY motifs (Ule et al, 2006; Licatalosi et al, 2008), and has since been shown for most CTS SFs (Fig.”
BackgroundThe alternative life of RNA —sequencing meets single molecule approaches
Moya, S. M. F., Ehses, J., & Kiebler, M. A. (2017) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.12639 · Cited by 8
“This technique was applied to the neuronal protein Nova which is involved in AS and intron retention events in the brain [71].”
BackgroundMethodAlvarado-Hernandez, B., Ma, Y., Sharma, N. R., Majerciak, V., Lobanov, A., Cam, M., Zhu, J., & Zheng, Z.-M. (2021) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01782-21 · Cited by 8
PIE-seq: identifying RNA-binding protein targets by dual RNA-deaminase editing and sequencing
Ruan, X., Hu, K., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39054-8 · Cited by 8
“Nova1 is essential for mouse survival 55 and extensive CLIP-Seq studies in the brain have shown that Nova1 binds YCAY sequences to regulate RNA splicing 16,56,57 .”
Expression and Functions of the Star Proteins Sam68 and t-star in Mammalian Spermatogenesis
Ehrmann, I. E., & Elliott, D. J. (2010) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7005-3_5 · Cited by 8
High-throughput sequencing methods to study neuronal RNA–protein interactions
Ule, J. (2009) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0371278 · Cited by 8
Self-citationLiu, Y., Xie, W., Yang, X., Guo, L., Wang, S., Wu, Q., Yang, Z., Zhou, X. J., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.005 · Cited by 8
Comprehensive Identification of miRNA Target Sites in Live Animals
Zisoulis, D. G., Yeo, G. W.-M., & Pasquinelli, A. E. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-083-6_13 · Cited by 9
“elegans by adapting the CLIP-seq method from the Darnell and Yeo labs (7, 8).”
MethodQiu, C., Zhang, Y., Fan, Y., Pang, T.-L., Su, Y., Zhan, S., & Xu, Y.-Z. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjy029 · Cited by 8
“The lysate was prepared (Licatalosi et al., 2008) and incubated with antibody D160-1 that coupled to Protein A beads (Millipore).”
BackgroundMethodPRAS: Predicting functional targets of RNA binding proteins based on CLIP-seq peaks
Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Frankel, W. N., & Ouyang, Z. (2019) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007227 · Cited by 9
Comprehensive Genome-Wide Approaches to Activity-Dependent Translational Control in Neurons
Choe, H. K., & Cho, J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051592 · Cited by 11
“To this end, Darnell and his colleagues developed a powerful method termed HITS‐CLIP (High‐Throughput Sequencing of RNA isolated by CrossLinking ImmunoPrecipitation, also known as CLIP‐seq) to investigate direct targets of a certain RBP at a genome‐wide scale [107].”
MethodMonitoring Protein-RNA Interaction Dynamics in vivo at High Temporal Resolution using χCRAC
McKellar, S. W., Ivanova, I., van Nues, R. W., Cordiner, R. A., Chauhan, M., Christopoulou, N., Worboys, W., Langford, A., Jensen, T. H., & Granneman, S. (2020) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/61027 · Cited by 8
“Next, the captured cross-linked RNAs were partially digested with RNases, radiolabeled at the 5’ end and adapters were ligated onto them (3).”
MethodIdentifying Protein Interactomes of Target RNAs Using HyPR-MS
Henke, K. B., Miller, R., Knoener, R. A., Scalf, M., Spiniello, M., & Smith, L. M. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1851-6_12 · Cited by 8
Xing, D., & Li, Q. Q. (2009) · Plant Signaling & Behavior · doi:10.4161/psb.4.5.8345 · Cited by 8
Prohaska, S. J., & Stadler, P. F. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-027-0_8 · Cited by 10
“A similar technology, known as HITSCLIP, maps RNA-protein binding sites in vivo by crosslinking immunoprecipitation and subsequent sequencing of the RNAs [43].”
MethodSaito, Y., Yang, Y., Saito, M., Park, C. Y., Funato, K., Tabar, V. S., & Darnell, R. B. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2314695121 · Cited by 6
Self-citationKrautwurst, S., & Lamkiewicz, K. (2024) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2024.11.015 · Cited by 7
Automated Image Analysis Reveals Different Localization of Synaptic Gephyrin C4 Splice Variants
Liebsch, F., Eggersmann, F. R., Merkler, Y., Kloppenburg, P., & Schwarz, G. (2022) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0102-22.2022 · Cited by 10
“The presence of ;1% C3-containing transcripts (SPLICECODE database) could be because of imperfect NOVA splicing (Ule et al., 2003; Licatalosi et al., 2008).”
BackgroundTransfer Learning Allows Accurate RBP Target Site Prediction with Limited Sample Sizes
Vaculík, O., Chalupová, E., Grešová, K., Majtner, T., & Alexiou, P. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12101276 · Cited by 7
“One of the currently most widely used experimental approaches for the localization of RBP binding sites is UV cross-linking followed by immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing (CLIP-Seq) [7].”
BackgroundThe chloroplast RNA–binding protein CP29A supports rbcL expression during cold acclimation
Lenzen, B., Rösch, F., Legen, J., Ruwe, H., Kachariya, N. N., Sattler, M., Small, I., & Schmitz‐Linneweber, C. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2403969122 · Cited by 8
3′ End Formation and Regulation of Eukaryotic mRNAs
Sweet, T. J., & Licatalosi, D. D. (2014) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-971-0_1 · Cited by 7
“For example, the neuron-specific RNA-binding protein Nova2 can bind to sequences that overlap with the PAS or DSE of proximal polyA sites to repress 3′ end formation presumably by competition with CPSF and CstF, respectively [39].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOgorodnikov, A., & Danckwardt, S. (2021) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2021.03.022 · Cited by 7
Photocatalytic Chemical Crosslinking for Profiling RNA–Protein Interactions in Living Cells
Luo, H., Tang, W., Liu, H., Zeng, X., Ngai, W. S. C., Gao, R., Li, H., Li, R., Zheng, H., Guo, J., et al. (2022) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202202008 · Cited by 7
De novo prediction of RNA–protein interactions with graph neural networks
Arora, V., & Sanguinetti, G. (2022) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.079365.122 · Cited by 7
Nucleotide-level prediction of CircRNA-protein binding based on fully convolutional neural network
Shen, Z., Liu, W., Zhao, S., Zhang, Q., Wang, S., & Yuan, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1283404 · Cited by 7
Chen, S., Zhou, Y., Peng, P., Xu, L., Tang, Q., Chen, W., & Gu, W. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242115600 · Cited by 7
“Protein–RNA interactions are important aspects of many cellular processes that go beyond the already recognized steps of mRNA regulation, including RNA stability, localization and translation [16,17].”
BackgroundIdentification of miR-29b targets using 3-cyanovinylcarbazole containing mimics
Choudhary, A., Vanichkina, D., Ender, C., Crawford, J., Baillie, G. J., Calcino, A., Ru, K., & Taft, R. J. (2017) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.064923.117 · Cited by 7
Functional characterization of RNA fragments using high-throughput interactome screening
Jackowiak, P., Lis, A., Łuczak, M., Stolarek, I., & Figlerowicz, M. (2018) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2018.10.007 · Cited by 6
MINA-1 and WAGO-4 are part of regulatory network coordinating germ cell death and RNAi in C. elegans
Sendoel, A., Šubašić, D., Ducoli, L., Keller, M., Michel, E., Köhler, I., Singh, K. D., Zheng, X., Brümmer, A., Imig, J., et al. (2019) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-019-0291-z · Cited by 6
Not miR ‐ly micromanagers: the functions and regulatory networks of microRNAs in mammalian skin
Riemondy, K. A., Hoefert, J. E., & Yi, R. (2014) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1250 · Cited by 8
In vivo discovery of RNA proximal proteins in human cells via proximity-dependent biotinylationPreprint
Lin, X., Fonseca, M. A., Corona, R. I., & Lawrenson, K. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.970442 · Cited by 7
Isoform-specific regulation of rhythmic gene expression by alternative polyadenylationPreprint
Greenwell, B. J., Beytebiere, J. R., Lamb, T. M., Bell‐Pedersen, D., Merlin, C., & Menet, J. S. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.12.422514 · Cited by 5
“The length of the 3’ UTR tail itself has large implications on RNA stability, mostly because it defines the probability for a 3’ UTR to be targeted by RNA binding proteins (RBPs), miRNA, or long non-coding RNA (Gong and Maquat, 2011; Licatalosi et al., 2008; Sandberg et al., 2008).”
BackgroundDas, G., Das, T., & Ghosh, Z. (2025) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaf432 · Cited by 6
“…biological assays consisting of Photoactivatable Ribonucleoside-Enhanced Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) [26], high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by crosslinking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP) [27], and enhanced Cross-Linking and Immunoprecipitation (eCLIP) [28].”
Regulation of RNA-binding proteins by small biomolecules
Miao, W., Porter, D. F., Lopez-Pajares, V., & Khavari, P. A. (2025) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-025-00914-4 · Cited by 7
“Methods such as HITS-CLIP 336 , PAR-CLIP 337 , iCLIP 338 , eCLIP 339 , irCLIP 340 and easyCLIP 341 use ultraviolet (UV)-mediated crosslinking to covalently link RBPs to their RNA targets, followed by immunoprecipitation, enzymatic digestion and high-throughput sequencing.”
Kremer, V., Oppelaar, J. J., Gimbel, A. T., Koziarek, S., Ganzevoort, W., van Pampus, M. G., van den Born, B. H., Vogt, L., de Groot, C. J. M., & Boon, R. A. (2022) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-022-01044-4 · Cited by 6
“Nova2 binds YCAY motifs flanking polyadenylation sites and the position of Nova2 binding determines whether a polyadenylation site is used or not [25, 26].”
BackgroundYang, Z., Dong, P., Cao, J., Lin, N., Ma, S., Cao, R., Cai, L., Wang, L., Cao, C., Xue, Y., et al. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad469 · Cited by 6
Efficient and sensitive profiling of RNA–protein interactions using TLC-CLIP
Ernst, C., Duc, J., & Trono, D. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad466 · Cited by 5
“Current strategies such as in HITS-CLIP and PAR-CLIP circumvent this problem by ligating adapters to both ends of the original RN A molecules, w hich howe v er results in a drastic loss of material and high sequencing cost as only read-through e v ents can be amplified ( 5 , 7 , 62–64 ).”
González-Buendía, E., Saldaña-Meyer, R., Meier, K., & Targa, F. R. (2015) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2474-5_24 · Cited by 6
Integrative analyses of transcriptome data reveal the mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation
Wang, J. (2021) · Briefings in Functional Genomics · doi:10.1093/bfgp/elab004 · Cited by 6
He, J., Zhou, T., Hu, L.-F., Jiao, Y., Wang, J., Yan, S., Jia, S., Chen, Q., Zhu, W., Zhang, J., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72351-6
“Various high-throughput experimental methods have been applied to identify RBP-binding peaks both in vitro 15 – 17 and in vivo 18 – 21 .”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Licatalosi, D. D., Mele, A., Fak, J. J., Ule, J., Kayikci, M., Chi, S. W., Clark, T. A., Schweitzer, A. C., Blume, J. E., Wang, X., Darnell, J. C., & Darnell, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (GB)
- Affymetrix (United States) (US)
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Darnell, Robert B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 456
- Issue
- 7221
- Pages
- 464-469
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2597294
- OpenAlex
- W2044117548
- Cited by
- 1,352
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 111
- FWCI
- 29.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS040955, R01 NS34389, R01NS034389)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD040647)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
- Keywords
- HITS-CLIP, RNA-protein interactions, alternative splicing, nova, alternative polyadenylation, 3' untranslated region, RNA binding sites, brain, neurons, splicing factors, genome-wide mapping
- MeSH terms
- Neuro-Oncological Ventral Antigen, Animals, Antigens, Neoplasm, Cell Line, Cross-Linking Reagents, Exons, Humans, Neurons, Organ Specificity, RNA, Messenger, RNA-Binding Proteins, Genome, Alternative Splicing, Neocortex, Genomics, Polyadenylation, Immunoprecipitation, Mice
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