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Parental origin of sequence variants associated with complex diseases
Open accessAbstract
Effects of susceptibility variants may depend on from which parent they are inherited. Although many associations between sequence variants and human traits have been discovered through genome-wide associations, the impact of parental origin has largely been ignored. Here we show that for 38,167 Icelanders genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips, the parental origin of most alleles can be determined. For this we used a combination of genealogy and long-range phasing. We then focused on SNPs that associate with diseases and are within 500 kilobases of known imprinted genes. Seven independent SNP associations were examined. Five-one with breast cancer, one with basal-cell carcinoma and three with type 2 diabetes-have parental-origin-specific associations. These variants are located in two genomic regions, 11p15 and 7q32, each harbouring a cluster of imprinted genes. Furthermore, we observed a novel association between the SNP rs2334499 at 11p15 and type 2 diabetes. Here the allele that confers risk when paternally inherited is protective when maternally transmitted. We identified a differentially methylated CTCF-binding site at 11p15 and demonstrated correlation of rs2334499 with decreased methylation of that site.
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“It is now widely believed that many genetic and epigenetic factors are likely to contribute to common complex diseases, including multiple rare SNVs (defined by convention as those that have frequencies < 1%), copy number variations (CNVs), and other forms of structural variation. 3–12”
From Statistical analysis strategies for association studies involving rare variants (2010) · cites this paper as [6]
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Stefánsson, Ó. A., Sigurpalsdottir, B. D., Rögnvaldsson, S., Halldorsson, G. H., Juliusson, K., Sveinbjörnsson, G., Gunnarsson, B., Beyter, D., Jónsson, H., Gudjonsson, S. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01851-2 · Cited by 74
“The diploid haplotype reference was created for each individual and long-range phased haplotype 57 .”
Self-citationNakabayashi, K., Trujillo, A. M., Tayama, C., Camprubí, C., Yoshida, W., Lapunzina, P. D., Sánchez, A., Soejima, H., Aburatani, H., Nagae, G., et al. (2011) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr224 · Cited by 63
Genes Contributing to Genetic Variation of Muscling in Sheep
Tellam, R. L., Cockett, N., Vuocolo, T., & Bidwell, C. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2012.00164 · Cited by 68
Human imprinting disorders: Principles, practice, problems and progress
Mackay, D., & Temple, I. K. (2017) · European Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.08.014 · Cited by 66
Synthetic associations in the context of genome-wide association scan signals
Orozco, G., Barrett, J. C., & Zeggini, E. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq368 · Cited by 61
“Complex patterns of inheritance, such as parent of origin effects (32), as well as inherited epigenetic modifications of the genome, the presence of phenotype heterogeneity in the cohorts used in the first wave of GWAS, or even an initial over-estimation of the heritability of complex traits (33) can also contribute t…”
BackgroundAdaptive Evolution and the Birth of CTCF Binding Sites in the Drosophila Genome
Ni, X., Zhang, Y. E., Nègre, N., Chen, S., Long, M., & White, K. P. (2012) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001420 · Cited by 62
“In vertebrates, this 11 zinc-finger protein is shown to be crucial in processes of epigenetic imprinting [26,27], X chromosome inactivation [28], and associated with various complex human diseases including cancer and diabetes [29–31].”
BackgroundMolecular factors involved in the development of diabetic foot syndrome.
Bruhn‐Olszewska, B., Korzon-Burakowska, A., Gabig‐Cimińska, M., Olszewski, P., Węgrzyn, A., & Jakóbkiewicz‐Banecka, J. (2012) · Acta Biochimica Polonica · doi:10.18388/abp.2012_2085 · Cited by 63
Asahara, S.-I., Etoh, H., Inoue, H., Teruyama, K., Shibutani, Y., Ihara, Y., Kawada, Y., Bartolome, A., Hashimoto, N., Matsuda, T., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1422104112 · Cited by 63
“SNPs of KCNQ1 have been associated with diabetes mellitus in the Icelandic population in a manner dependent on parental origin (11).”
BackgroundPierce, B. L., Austin, M. A., & Ahsan, H. (2011) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9760-5 · Cited by 60
“For example, there are known parent-of-origin effects for H19/IFG2 SNP rs2334499 and KCNQ1 SNPs rs2237892 and rs231362 (no adequate tagSNP) [41], however, we did not account for these effects in this analysis, as we have no available data on maternal/paternal transmission.”
ResultA protein-truncating R179X variant in RNF186 confers protection against ulcerative colitis
Rivas, M. A., Graham, D. B., Sulem, P., Stevens, C. R., Desch, A. N., Goyette, P., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Jónsdóttir, I., Þorsteinsdóttir, U., Degenhardt, F. C., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12342 · Cited by 59
Self-citationNext Steps in Cardiovascular Disease Genomic Research—Sequencing, Epigenetics, and Transcriptomics
Schnabel, R. B., Baccarelli, A., Lin, H., Ellinor, P. T., & Benjamin, E. J. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2011.170423 · Cited by 58
“At a population level, a differentially methylated CTCF-binding site at 11p15 was discovered in relation to type 2 diabetes(50).”
BackgroundTransgenerational Genetic Effects
Nelson, V. R., & Nadeau, J. H. (2010) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi.10.57 · Cited by 58
Epigenetic and genetic components of height regulation
Benónísdóttir, S., Oddsson, Á., Helgason, A., Kristjansson, R. P., Sveinbjörnsson, G., Óskarsdóttir, A., Þorleifsson, G., Davidsson, O. B., Arnadottir, G. A., Sulem, G., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13490 · Cited by 63
“…Long-range phasing of haplotypes using surrogate parents allows for accurate phasing of Icelandic samples and the Icelandic genealogy coupled with the large fraction of chip-typed individuals in the population enabled the determination of the parent-of-origin for the genotypes (refs 6,14).”
InfluentialSelf-citationKaraderi, T., Drong, A., & Lindgren, C. M. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0648-8 · Cited by 57
Sex‐specific plasticity across generations I: Maternal and paternal effects on sons and daughters
Hellmann, J. K., Bukhari, S. A., Deno, J., & Bell, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13364 · Cited by 59
“Both distinct and interactive effects could also be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms such as parent-of-origin effects (Kong et al., 2009; Lawson et al., 2013) or interactions between maternal and paternal contributions (e.g. egg cytoplasm altering the effect of sperm small RNAs) during early…”
BackgroundHeterozygote carriers for CNVs inPARK2are at increased risk of Parkinson's disease
Huttenlocher, J., Stefánsson, H., Steinberg, S., Helgadottir, H. T., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, S., Rieß, O., Bauer, P. O., & Stefánsson, K. (2015) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddv277 · Cited by 57
Common and specific liability to addiction: Approaches to association studies of opioid addiction
Nielsen, D. A., & Kreek, M. J. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.026 · Cited by 55
Age-related hearing loss pertaining to potassium ion channels in the cochlea and auditory pathway
Pinheiro, B. P., Vona, B., Löwenheim, H., Rüttiger, L., Knipper, M., & Adel, Y. (2020) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-020-02496-w · Cited by 56
Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes in East Asian Populations
Cho, Y. S., Lee, J., Park, K. S., & Nho, C. W. (2012) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0326-z · Cited by 57
Halmøy, A., Johansson, S., Winge, I., McKinney, J. A., Knappskog, P. M., & Haavik, J. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.124 · Cited by 59
Insights into the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes
Kato, N. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12067 · Cited by 58
“As an approach to addressing this issue, Kong et al.51 examined the impact of parental origin on disease associations in previous GWA studies and identified parental-origin-specific associations with type 2 diabetes at variants located in the known imprinted region on chromosome 11p15.”
MethodGenome-wide association study yields variants at 20p12.2 that associate with urinary bladder cancer
Rafnar, Þ., Sulem, P., Þorleifsson, G., Vermeulen, S. H. H. M., Helgason, H., Saemundsdottir, J., Gudjonsson, S. A., Sigurðsson, Á., Stacey, S., Guðmundsson, J., et al. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu264 · Cited by 54
“Of the Icelandic subjects, 826 cases and 44 604 controls were directly genotyped, the remaining cases and controls are individuals that had not been chip typed, but for which genotype probabilities were imputed using methods of familial imputation (17).”
Self-citationEvidence for germline non-genetic inheritance of human phenotypes and diseases
Senaldi, L., & Smith-Raska, M. (2020) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-020-00929-y · Cited by 61
“In this study, a parent-of-origin association was discovered between specific SNPs and breast cancer, basal cell carcinoma, and type II diabetes [83].”
BackgroundGermline sequence variants in TGM3 and RGS22 confer risk of basal cell carcinoma
Stacey, S., Sulem, P., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Jónasdóttir, Á., Þorleifsson, G., Gudjonsson, S. A., Másson, G., Guðmundsson, J., Sigurgeirsson, B., Benediktsdóttir, K. R., et al. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt671 · Cited by 53
Self-citationType 2 Diabetes-Associated Genetic Polymorphisms as Potential Disease Predictors
Witka, B. Z., Oktaviani, D. J., Marcellino, M., Barliana, M. I., & Abdulah, R. (2019) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s230061 · Cited by 54
“The maternal expression of KLF14 was associated with an increased risk of T2DM when carried on the maternal chromosome.(67)”
A Probabilistic Model to Predict Clinical Phenotypic Traits from Genome Sequencing
Chen, Y., Douville, C. B., Wang, C., Niknafs, N., Yeo, G. H. T., Guthrie, V. B., Carter, H. K., Stenson, P. D., Cooper, D. N., Li, B., et al. (2014) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003825 · Cited by 52
“While phasing is not currently considered in our models, knowledge of whether multiple variants are in the same haplotype or simply on the same chromosome could be informative with respect to their phenotypic impact [24–26].”
BackgroundSandovici, I., Hammerle, C. M., Ozanne, S. E., & Constância, M. (2013) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-013-1297-1 · Cited by 52
“The top-ranking association was for a CpG site located in the first intron of the FTO gene that showed a small (3.35”
InfluentialThe Genetics of Epigenetic Inheritance: Modes, Molecules, and Mechanisms
Schaefer, S., & Nadeau, J. H. (2015) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/683699 · Cited by 50
“For example, risk for breast cancer, basal cell carcinoma, and type 2 diabetes in humans depends in part on the parental origin of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (Kong et al. 2009).”
BackgroundThe Missing lnc(RNA) between the pancreatic β-cell and diabetes
Kameswaran, V., & Kaestner, K. H. (2014) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00200 · Cited by 54
Pidsley, R., Dempster, E. L., Troakes, C., Al‐Sarraj, S., & Mill, J. S. (2012) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.7.2.18910 · Cited by 51
Searching for the human genetic factors standing in the way of universally effective vaccines
Mentzer, A. J., O’Connor, D., Pollard, A. J., & Hill, A. V. S. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0341 · Cited by 52
Common variants upstream of KDR encoding VEGFR2 and in TTC39B associate with endometriosis
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Self-citationLawson, H. A., Cady, J., Partridge, C., Wolf, J. B., Semenkovich, C. F., & Cheverud, J. M. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002256 · Cited by 48
“Indeed a recent study identified parent-of-origin effects associated with T2D in the Icelandic genealogy database, finding the effects are different between males and females [61] and illustrating the complex connections among genomic sequence, genetic effects, environment, and disease risk.”
BackgroundZeng, Y., Amador, C., Xia, C., Marioni, R. E., Sproul, D., Walker, R. M., Morris, S. W., Bretherick, A. D., Canela‐Xandri, O., Boutin, T., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09301-y · Cited by 46
Transcription Factor KLF14 and Metabolic Syndrome
Yang, Q., & Civelek, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.00091 · Cited by 49
“KLF14 is an imprinted gene and only the allele inherited from the mother is expressed (44); only the maternally inherited SNPs have significant associations with adipose tissue expression ofKLF14 (1).”
BackgroundComplete human recombination maps
Pálsson, G., Hardarson, M. T., Jónsson, H., Steinthórsdóttir, V., Stefánsson, Ó. A., Eggertsson, H. P., Gudjonsson, S. A., Olason, P. I., Gylfason, A., Másson, G., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08450-5 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- DIAGRAM Consortium, Kong, A., Steinthorsdottir, V., Masson, G., Thorleifsson, G., Sulem, P., Besenbacher, S., Jonasdottir, A., Sigurdsson, A., Kristinsson, K. T., Jonasdottir, A., Frigge, M. L., Gylfason, A., Olason, P. I., Gudjonsson, S. A., Sverrisson, S., Stacey, S. N., Sigurgeirsson, B., Benediktsdottir, K. R., Sigurdsson, H., Jonsson, T., Benediktsson, R., Olafsson, J. H., Johannsson, O. T., Hreidarsson, A. B., Sigurdsson, G., Ferguson-Smith, A. C., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Thorsteinsdottir, U., & Stefansson, K.
- Affiliations
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- National University Hospital of Iceland (IS)
- Corresponding author
- Kong, Augustine
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 462
- Issue
- 7275
- Pages
- 868-874
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC3746295
- OpenAlex
- W2156431476
- Cited by
- 553
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 34.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Hirsla (Landspítali University Hospital) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (077016, 090532)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK029867)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (K08AR055688)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Syndromes and Imprinting
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- parental origin, genomic imprinting, imprinted genes, genetic variants, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, basal cell carcinoma, 11p15, CTCF binding sites, DNA methylation, genealogy, TCF7L2, complex diseases
- MeSH terms
- CCCTC-Binding Factor, Alleles, Binding Sites, Breast Neoplasms, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Fathers, Female, Haplotypes, Humans, Iceland, Male, Mothers, Pedigree, Repressor Proteins, Genome, Human, Genomic Imprinting, DNA Methylation, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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