Genetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, the interest in personalised interventions such as medicine, nutrition, and exercise is rapidly rising to maximize health outcomes and ensure the most appropriate treatments. Exercising regularly is recommended for both healthy and diseased populations to improve health. However, there are sex-specific adaptations to exercise that often are not taken into consideration. While endurance exercise training alters the human skeletal muscle epigenome and subsequent gene expression, it is still unknown whether it does so differently in men and women, potentially leading to sex-specific physiological adaptations. Elucidating sex differences in genetics, epigenetics, gene regulation and expression in response to exercise will have great health implications, as it may enable gene targets in future clinical interventions and may better individualised interventions. This review will cover this topic and highlight the recent findings of sex-specific genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression studies, address the gaps in the field, and offer recommendations for future research.
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Women utilize more lipid than men, largely attributable to sex-specific hormonal influences and epigenetic adaptations to endurance exercise.
“women utilize more lipid when compared to men and this is largely attributable to sex-specific hormonal influences and epigenetic adaptations to endurance exercise [86,175–177].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [176]
In “Males and females adapt differently to endurance exercise” (page unavailable), the review says females rely more on fat during endurance exercise and that estrogen may partly explain the difference. But “Histone modifications” (page unavailable) treats a link between sex-specific substrate use and epigenetic responses as a possibility that has not been tested in well-controlled studies. It does not establish that epigenetic adaptations largely cause women’s greater lipid use. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Authors
- Landen, S., Voisin, S., Craig, J. M., McGee, S. L., Lamon, S., & Eynon, N.
- Affiliations
- Victoria University (AU)
- Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Eynon, Nir
- Venue
- Epigenetics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-04-13
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 523-535
- ISSN
- 1559-2294 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-2308
- PMC
- PMC6557612
- OpenAlex
- W2935861759
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Epigenetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- No funding
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- sex differences, endurance training, gene expression, epigenetic regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Sex Factors, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Epigenesis, Genetic
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