Cited by 2,084Single-cell and spatial transcriptomicsRNA Research and SplicingGenomics and Chromatin Dynamics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Spatio-temporal transcriptome of the human brain

Open access

Abstract

Brain development and function depend on the precise regulation of gene expression. However, our understanding of the complexity and dynamics of the transcriptome of the human brain is incomplete. Here we report the generation and analysis of exon-level transcriptome and associated genotyping data, representing males and females of different ethnicities, from multiple brain regions and neocortical areas of developing and adult post-mortem human brains. We found that 86 per cent of the genes analysed were expressed, and that 90 per cent of these were differentially regulated at the whole-transcript or exon level across brain regions and/or time. The majority of these spatio-temporal differences were detected before birth, with subsequent increases in the similarity among regional transcriptomes. The transcriptome is organized into distinct co-expression networks, and shows sex-biased gene expression and exon usage. We also profiled trajectories of genes associated with neurobiological categories and diseases, and identified associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and gene expression. This study provides a comprehensive data set on the human brain transcriptome and insights into the transcriptional foundations of human neurodevelopment.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nature10523

Cites

53 of 53 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 53 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,005

Metadata

Authors
Kang, H. J., Kawasawa, Y. I., Cheng, F., Zhu, Y., Xu, X., Li, M., Sousa, A. M. M., Pletikos, M., Meyer, K. A., Sedmak, G., Guennel, T., Shin, Y., Johnson, M. B., Krsnik, Ž., Mayer, S., Fertuzinhos, S., Umlauf, S., Lisgo, S. N., Vortmeyer, A., Weinberger, D. R., Mane, S., Hyde, T. M., Huttner, A., Reimers, M., Kleinman, J. E., & Šestan, N.
Affiliations
  • Yale University (US)
  • Universidade do Porto (PT)
  • University of Zagreb (HR)
  • Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
  • Centre for Life (GB)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Šestan, Nenad
Venue
Nature
Published
2011-10
Volume
478
Issue
7370
Pages
483-489
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
OpenAlex
W2022689242
Cited by
2,084
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 115 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 146 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 175 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 135 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 144 · 2015: 141 · 2014: 126 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 82
FWCI
40.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust (GR082557)
  • Medical Research Council
  • National Institute of Mental Health (RC2MH089929, MH081896, MH089929, U01MH081896)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-026119, R25DA026119)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS054273, U24NS051869, NS 054273)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD000836, R24HD000836)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
Keywords
human brain transcriptome, spatiotemporal gene expression, brain development, postmortem brain, sex-biased gene expression, exon usage, co-expression network, single nucleotide polymorphisms, gene expression trajectories, prefrontal cortex, neocortex, brain aging
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Exons, Female, Fetus, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Quality Control, Sex Characteristics, Time Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Gene Expression Profiling, Quantitative Trait Loci, Gene Regulatory Networks, Young Adult, Transcriptome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review