Cited by 5,187Genomics and Chromatin DynamicsRNA Research and SplicingCancer-related molecular mechanisms research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Landscape of transcription in human cells

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Abstract

Eukaryotic cells make many types of primary and processed RNAs that are found either in specific subcellular compartments or throughout the cells. A complete catalogue of these RNAs is not yet available and their characteristic subcellular localizations are also poorly understood. Because RNA represents the direct output of the genetic information encoded by genomes and a significant proportion of a cell’s regulatory capabilities are focused on its synthesis, processing, transport, modification and translation, the generation of such a catalogue is crucial for understanding genome function. Here we report evidence that three-quarters of the human genome is capable of being transcribed, as well as observations about the range and levels of expression, localization, processing fates, regulatory regions and modifications of almost all currently annotated and thousands of previously unannotated RNAs. These observations, taken together, prompt a redefinition of the concept of a gene. A description is given of the ENCODE effort to provide a complete catalogue of primary and processed RNAs found either in specific subcellular compartments or throughout the cell, revealing that three-quarters of the human genome can be transcribed, and providing a wealth of information on the range and levels of expression, localization, processing fates and modifications of known and previously unannotated RNAs. These authors describe the ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) effort to provide a complete catalogue of primary and processed RNAs found either in specific sub-cellular compartments or throughout the cell. They show that three-quarters of the human genome can be transcribed, and provide a wealth of information about the range and levels of expression, localization, processing fates and modifications of both known and previously unannotated RNAs. Collectively, these observations suggest that the current concept of a gene should be revisited.

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Crossref · 10.1038/nature11233

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Tilgner, H. et al. Genomic analysis of ENCODE data reveals widespread links between epigenetic chromatin marks and alternative splicing. Genome Res. (in the press)
  2. Miller, B. Pre-programming of chromatin structure across the cell cycle. Genome Res. (in the press)

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Metadata

Authors
Djebali, S., Davis, C. A., Merkel, A., Dobin, A., Lassmann, T., Mortazavi, A., Tanzer, A., Lagarde, J., Lin, W., Schlesinger, F., Xue, C., Marinov, G. K., Khatun, J., Williams, B. A., Zaleski, C., Rozowsky, J., Röder, M., Kokocinski, F., Abdelhamid, R. F., Alioto, T., Antoshechkin, I., Baer, M. T., Bar, N. S., Batut, P., Bell, K., Bell, I., Chakrabortty, S., Chen, X., Chrast, J., Curado, J., Derrien, T., Drenkow, J., Dumais, E., Dumais, J., Duttagupta, R., Falconnet, E., Fastuca, M., Fejes-Toth, K., Ferreira, P., Foissac, S., Fullwood, M. J., Gao, H., Gonzalez, D., Gordon, A., Gunawardena, H., Howald, C., Jha, S., Johnson, R., Kapranov, P., King, B., Kingswood, C., Luo, O. J., Park, E., Persaud, K., Preall, J. B., Ribeca, P., Risk, B., Robyr, D., Sammeth, M., Schaffer, L., See, L.-H., Shahab, A., Skancke, J., Suzuki, A. M., Takahashi, H., Tilgner, H., Trout, D., Walters, N., Wang, H., Wrobel, J., Yu, Y., Ruan, X., Hayashizaki, Y., Harrow, J., Gerstein, M., Hubbard, T., Reymond, A., Antonarakis, S. E., Hannon, G., Giddings, M. C., Ruan, Y., Wold, B., Carninci, P., Guigó, R., & Gingeras, T. R.
Affiliations
  • Centre for Genomic Regulation (ES)
  • Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
  • Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (US)
  • California Institute of Technology (US)
  • Boise State University (US)
  • Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • University of Geneva (CH)
  • Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire (FR)
Corresponding author
  • Guigó, Roderic
  • Gingeras, Thomas R.
Venue
Nature
Published
2012-09
Volume
489
Issue
7414
Pages
101-108
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
OpenAlex
W2166810745
Cited by
5,187
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 102 · 2025: 217 · 2024: 347 · 2023: 332 · 2022: 372 · 2021: 487 · 2020: 523 · 2019: 421 · 2018: 440 · 2017: 429 · 2016: 392 · 2015: 357 · 2014: 389 · 2013: 323 · 2012: 49
FWCI
143.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • Scholar Works (Boise State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • IRIS (submittedVersion)
  • CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • Wellcome Trust (062023)
  • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (26205, 127375, 249968)
  • National Institutes of Health (5u54hg004555-04, 5p30ca045508-35)
  • RIKEN
  • National Human Genome Research Institute (U54HG007004, R01HG003700, U54HG004576, U54-HG004555, U54HG004558, U01HG003147, RC2HG005591, U54HG004557, U24HG007234)
  • National Cancer Institute (P30-CA045508)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R37GM062534)
  • FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (249968)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
Keywords
transcription, human genome, RNA processing, RNA localization, RNA modification, gene definition, ENCODE, RNA expression levels, genome annotation
MeSH terms
Alleles, Cell Line, DNA, Encyclopedias as Topic, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Exons, Genes, Humans, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, RNA, RNA Splicing, Transcription, Genetic, Genome, Human, RNA Editing, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Protein Isoforms, Gene Expression Profiling, DNA, Intergenic, Genomics, Polyadenylation, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Transcriptome

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